Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 23 , Pages S5-S14 , December 2009

2 Diagnosis/differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: a review of best practice

  • John Newell-Price

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence: John Newell-Price, MA, PhD, FRCP. Academic Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK. Tel.: +44 (0) 114 2261409; fax: +44 (0) 114 2711863

References 

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  2. Lindholm J , Juul S , Jørgensen JOL , et al.   Incidence and late prognosis of Cushing's syndrome: A population-based study . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 2001;86:117–123
  3. Newell-Price J , Bertagna X , Grossman AB , Nieman LK . Cushing's syndrome . Lancet . 2006;367:1605–1617
  4. Salgado LR , Fragoso MC , Knoepfelmacher M , et al.   Ectopic ACTH syndrome: our experience with 25 cases . European Journal of Endocrinology . 2006;155:725–733
  5. Ilias I , Torpy DJ , Pacak K , et al.   Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic corticotropin secretion: twenty years' experience at the National Institutes of Health . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 2005;90:4955–4962
  6. Isidori AM , Kaltsas GA , Pozza C , et al.   The ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, management, and long-term follow-up . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 2006;91:371–377
  7. Newell-Price J , Grossman AB . Differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome . Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia . 2007;51:1199–1206
  8. Lindsay JR , Nieman LK . Differential Diagnosis and imaging in Cushing's syndrome . Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America . 2005;34:403–421
  9. Nieman LK , Biller BMK , Findling JW , et al.   The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 2008;93:1526–1540
  10. Kaye TB , Crapo L . The Cushing syndrome: an update on diagnostic tests . Annals of Internal Medicine . 1990;112:434–444
  11. Liu H , Bravata DM , Cabaccan J , et al.   Elevated late-night salivary cortisol levels in elderly male type 2 diabetic veterans . Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford) . 2005;63:642–649
  12. Qureshi AC , Bahri A , Breen LA , et al.   The influence of the route of oestrogen administration on serum levels of cortisol-binding globulin and total cortisol . Clinical Endocrinology . 2007;66:632–635
  13. Lindsay JR , Nieman LK . The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment . Endocrine Reviews . 2005;26:775–799
  14. Newell-Price J , Trainer P , Perry L , et al.   A single sleeping midnight cortisol has 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome . Clinical Endocrinology . 1995;43:545–550
  15. Chan KC , Lit LC , Law EL , et al.   Diminished urinary free cortisol excretion in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment . Clinical Chemistry . 2004;50:757–759
  16. Martin NM , Dhillo WS , Banerjee A , et al.   Comparison of the Dexamethasone-Suppressed Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Test and Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test in the Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 2006;91:2582–2586
  17. Invitti C , Pecori Giraldi F , de Martin M , Cavagnini F . Diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome: results of an Italian multicentre study. Study Group of the Italian Society of Endocrinology on the Pathophysiology of the Hypothalamic– Pituitary–Adrenal Axis . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 1999;84:440–448
  18. Stewart PM , Walker BR , Holder G , et al.   11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in Cushing's syndrome: explaining the mineralocorticoid excess state of the ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 1995;80:3617–3620
  19. Newell-Price J . The desmopressin test and Cushing's syndrome: current state of play . Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford) . 1997;47:173–174
  20. Tsagarakis S , Tsigos C , Vasiliou V , et al.   The desmopressin and combined CRH-desmopressin tests in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome: Constraints imposed by the expression of V2 vasopressin receptors in tumors with ectopic ACTH secretion . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 2002;87:1646–1653

PII: S1521-690X(09)70003-X

doi: 10.1016/S1521-690X(09)70003-X

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 23 , Pages S5-S14 , December 2009

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