Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 23, Issue 6 , Pages 769-780 , December 2009

Sex steroids and the thyroid

  • Rundsarah Tahboub, MD (Fellow in Endocrinology)
    • ,
  • Baha M. Arafah, MD (Professor of Medicine; Director of Clinical Program & Fellowship Training Program)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 216 844 3142.

References 

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  2. Ain KB, Mori Y, Refetoff S. Reduced clearance rate of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) with increased sialylation: a mechanism for estrogen induced elevation of serum TBG concentration. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1987;65:689–696
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  4. Kester MH, Van Dijik CH, Tibboel D, et al. Sulfation of thyroid hormone by estrogen sulfotransferase. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84:2577–2580
  5. Sitruk-Ware R, Plu-Bureau G, Menard J, et al. Effects of transvaginal ethinyl estradiol on hemostatic factors and hepatic proteins in a randomized, cross over study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2007;92:2074–2079
  6. Shifren JL, Rifai N, Desines S, et al. A comparison of the short-term effects of oral conjugated equine estrogens versus transdermal estradiol on C-Reactive Protein, other serum markers of inflammation, other hepatic proteins in naturally menopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008;93:1702–1710
  7. Shifren JL, Desindes S, McIlwain M. A randomized, open label, crossover study comparing the effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy on serum androgens, thyroid hormones and adrenal hormones in naturally menopausal women. Menopause. 2007;14:985–994
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  12. Bisschop PH, Toorians AW, Endert E, et al. The effects of sex-steroid administration on the pituitary-thyroid axis in transsexuals. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2006;155:11–16
  13. Van Bon AC, Wiersinga WM. Goserelin-induced transient thyrotoxicosis in a hypothyroid woman on L-thyroxine replacement. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2008;66:256–258
  14. Zaninovich AA. Effects of oestrogen on thyroxine turnover in hyperthyroidism. Acta Endocrinologica. 1972;71:491–497
  15. Schatz DL, Palter HC, Russell CS. Effects of oral contraceptives and pregnancy on thyroid function. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1968;99:882–886
  16. Mandel SJ, Larsen PR, Seely EW, et al. Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990;323:91–96
  17. Alexander EK, Marqusee E, Lawrence J, et al. Timing and magnitude of increases in levothyroxine requirements during pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;351:241–249
  18. Anker GB, Lonning PE, Aakvaag A, et al. Thyroid function in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1998;58:103–107
  19. Marqusee E, Braverman LE, Lawrence J, et al. The effect of droloxifene and estrogen on thyroid function in postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000;85:4407–4410
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  23. Deyssig R, Weiseel M. Ingestion of androgenic anabolic steroids induces mild thyroidal impairment in male body builders. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993;76:1069–1071

PII: S1521-690X(09)00074-8

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.06.005

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 23, Issue 6 , Pages 769-780 , December 2009

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