Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 23, Issue 5 , Pages 607-623 , October 2009

Cushing's disease

References 

  1. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Besser M, et al. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states. Endocrine Reviews. 1998;19:647–672
  2. Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB, et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2006;367:1605–1617
  3. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008;93:1526–1540
  4. Etxabe J, Vazquez JA. Morbidity and mortality in Cushing's disease: an epidemiological approach. Clinical Endocrinology. 1994;40:479–484
  5. Lindholm J, Juul S, Jorgensen JO, et al. Incidence and late prognosis of cushing's syndrome: a population-based study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001;86:117–123
  6. Cavagnini F, Pecori Giraldi F. Epidemiology and follow-up of Cushing's disease. Annales d’endocrinologie. 2001;62:168–172
  7. Findling JW, Raff H. Cushing's syndrome: important issues in diagnosis and management. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:3746–3753
  8. Ohmori N, Nomura K, Ohmori K, et al. Osteoporosis is more prevalent in adrenal than in pituitary Cushing's syndrome. Endocrine Journal. 2003;50:1–7
  9. Tauchmanova L, Pivonello R, Di Somma C, et al. Bone demineralization and vertebral fractures in endogenous cortisol excess: role of disease etiology and gonadal status. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:1779–1784
  10. Muiesan ML, Lupia M, Salvetti M, et al. Left ventricular structural and functional characteristics in Cushing's syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;41:2275–2279
  11. Boscaro M, Sonino N, Scarda A, et al. Anticoagulant prophylaxis markedly reduces thromboembolic complications in Cushing's syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002;87:3662–3666
  12. Swearingen B, Biller BM, Barker FG, et al. Long-term mortality after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999;130:821–824
  13. Tauchmanova L, Rossi R, Biondi B, et al. Patients with subclinical Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma have increased cardiovascular risk. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002;87:4872–4878
  14. Mancini T, Kola B, Mantero F, et al. High cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing's syndrome according to 1999 WHO/ISH guidelines. Clinical Endocrinology. 2004;61:768–777
  15. Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB, et al. Diagnosis and complications of Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;88:5593–5602
  16. Boscaro M, Barzon L, Fallo F, et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2001;357:783–791
  17. Sonino N, Bonnini S, Fallo F, et al. Personality characteristics and quality of life in patients treated for Cushing's syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology. 2006;64:314–318
  18. Forget H, Lacroix A, Cohen H. Persistent cognitive impairment following surgical treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002;27:367–383
  19. Bourdeau I, Bard C, Noel B, et al. Loss of brain volume in endogenous Cushing's syndrome and its reversibility after correction of hypercortisolism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002;87:1949–1954
  20. Lindsay JR, Nansel T, Baid S, et al. Long-term impaired quality of life in Cushing's syndrome despite initial improvement after surgical remission. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:447–453
  21. Heald AH, Ghosh S, Bray S, et al. Long-term negative impact on quality of life in patients with successfully treated Cushing's disease. Clinical Endocrinology. 2004;61:458–465
  22. van Aken MO, Pereira AM, Biermasz NR, et al. Quality of life in patients after long-term biochemical cure of Cushing's disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;90:3279–3286
  23. Savage MO, Chan LF, Grossman AB, et al. Work-up and management of paediatric Cushing's syndrome. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity. 2008;15:346–351
  24. Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Oldfield EH, et al. Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents. Presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;331:629–636
  25. Lindsay JR, Nieman LK. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment. Endocrine Reviews. 2005;26:775–799
  26. Lindsay JR, Jonklaas J, Oldfield EH, et al. Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy: personal experience and review of the literature. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;90:3077–3083
  27. Guilhaume B, Sanson ML, Billaud L, et al. Cushing's syndrome and pregnancy: aetiologies and prognosis in twenty-two patients. The European Journal of Medicine. 1992;1:83–89
  28. Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Melis D, et al. Nephrolithiasis in Cushing's disease: prevalence, etiopathogenesis, and modification after disease cure. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;88:2076–2080
  29. Terzolo M, Allasino B, Bosio S, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with Cushing's syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;89:3745–3751
  30. Rockall AG, Sohaib SA, Evans D, et al. Hepatic steatosis in Cushing's syndrome: a radiological assessment using computed tomography. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2003;149:543–548
  31. Rockall AG, Sohaib SA, Evans D, et al. Computed tomography assessment of fat distribution in male and female patients with Cushing's syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2003;149:561–567
  32. Kristo C, Jemtland R, Ueland T, et al. Restoration of the coupling process and normalization of bone mass following successful treatment of endogenous Cushing's syndrome: a prospective, long-term study. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2006;154:109–118
  33. Godang K, Ueland T, Bollerslev J. Decreased bone area, bone mineral content, formative markers, and increased bone resorptive markers in endogenous Cushing's syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology. 1999;141:126–131
  34. Chiodini I, Carnevale V, Torlontano M, et al. Alterations of bone turnover and bone mass at different skeletal sites due to pure glucocorticoid excess: study in eumenorrheic patients with Cushing's syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998;83:1863–1867
  35. Elamin MB, Murad MH, Mullan R, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic tests for Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalyses. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008;93:1553–1562
  36. Invitti C, Pecori Giraldi F, de Martin M, et al. Diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome: results of an Italian multicentre study. Study Group of the Italian Society of Endocrinology on the Pathophysiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and metabolism. 1999;84:440–448
  37. Ilias I, Torpy DJ, Pacak K, et al. Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic corticotropin secretion: twenty years' experience at the National Institutes of Health. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;90:4955–4962
  38. Isidori AM, Kaltsas GA, Pozza C, et al. The ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, management, and long-term follow-up. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:371–377
  39. Reimondo G, Paccotti P, Minetto M, et al. The corticotrophin-releasing hormone test is the most reliable noninvasive method to differentiate pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in Cushing's syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology. 2003;58:718–724
  40. Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Wesley R, et al. A simplified morning ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993;77:1308–1312
  41. Kaye TB, Crapo L. The Cushing syndrome: an update on diagnostic tests. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990;112:434–444
  42. Malerbi DA, Mendonca BB, Liberman B, et al. The desmopressin stimulation test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology. 1993;38:463–472
  43. Moro M, Putignano P, Losa M, et al. The desmopressin test in the differential diagnosis between Cushing's disease and pseudo-Cushing states. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000;85:3569–3574
  44. Losa M, Mortini P, Dylgjeri S, et al. Desmopressin stimulation test before and after pituitary surgery in patients with Cushing's disease. Clinical Endocrinology. 2001;55:61–68
  45. Dahia PL, Grossman AB. The molecular pathogenesis of corticotroph tumors. Endocrine Reviews. 1999;20:136–155
  46. de Keyzer Y, Rene P, Lenne F, et al. V3 vasopressin receptor and corticotropic phenotype in pituitary and nonpituitary tumors. Hormone Research. 1997;47:259–262
  47. Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, et al. Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991;325:897–905
  48. Lindsay JR, Nieman LK. Differential diagnosis and imaging in Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2005;34:403–421x
  49. Isidori AM, Lenzi A. Ectopic ACTH syndrome. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. 2007;51:1217–1225
  50. Bochicchio D, Losa M, Buchfelder M. Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of Cushing's disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery: a retrospective study by the European Cushing's Disease Survey Group. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995;80:3114–3120
  51. Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease: outcome in patients with a normal magnetic resonance imaging scan. Neurosurgery. 2000;46:553–558discussion 8–9
  52. Stevenaert A, Perrin G, Martin D, et al. Cushing's disease and corticotrophic adenoma: results of pituitary microsurgery, Neuro-Chirurgie. 2002;48:234–265
  53. Flitsch J, Knappe UJ, Ludecke DK. The use of postoperative ACTH levels as a marker for successful transsphenoidal microsurgery in Cushing's disease. Zentralblatt für Neurochirurgie. 2003;64:6–11
  54. Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease: initial outcome and long-term results. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;89:6348–6357
  55. Mortini P, Losa M, Barzaghi R, et al. Results of transsphenoidal surgery in a large series of patients with pituitary adenoma. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:1222–1233discussion 33
  56. Hofmann BM, Hlavac M, Martinez R, et al. Long-term results after microsurgery for Cushing disease: experience with 426 primary operations over 35 years. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2008;108:9–18
  57. Patil CG, Lad SP, Harsh GR, et al. National trends, complications, and outcomes following transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease from 1993 to 2002. Neurosurgical Focus. 2007;23:E7
  58. Kelly DF. Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease: a review of success rates, remission predictors, management of failed surgery, and Nelson's syndrome. Neurosurgical Focus. 2007;23:E5
  59. Chee GH, Mathias DB, James RA, et al. Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in Cushing's disease: can we predict outcome?. Clinical Endocrinology. 2001;54:617–626
  60. Atkinson AB, Kennedy A, Wiggam MI, et al. Long-term remission rates after pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease: the need for long-term surveillance. Clinical Endocrinology. 2005;63:549–559
  61. Patil CG, Prevedello DM, Lad SP, et al. Late recurrences of Cushing's disease after initial successful transsphenoidal surgery. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008;93:358–362
  62. Vance ML. Pituitary radiotherapy. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2005;34:479–487xi
  63. Castinetti F, Nagai M, Dufour H, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery is a successful adjunctive treatment in Cushing's disease. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2007;156:91–98
  64. Oyesiku NM. Stereotactic radiosurgery for Cushing disease: a review. Neurosurgical Focus. 2007;23:E14
  65. Heaney AP, Fernando M, Yong WH, et al. Functional PPAR-gamma receptor is a novel therapeutic target for ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Nature Medicine. 2002;8:1281–1287
  66. Biller BM, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, et al. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008;93:2454–2462
  67. Pivonello R, De Martino MC, Cappabianca P, et al. The medical treatment of Cushing's disease: effectiveness of chronic treatment with the dopamine agonist cabergoline in patients unsuccessfully treated by surgery. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009;94:223–230
  68. Hofland LJ, van der Hoek J, Feelders R, et al. The multi-ligand somatostatin analogue SOM230 inhibits ACTH secretion by cultured human corticotroph adenomas via somatostatin receptor type 5. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2005;152:645–654
  69. Boscaro M, Ludlam WH, Atkinson B, et al. Treatment of pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease with the multireceptor ligand somatostatin analog pasireotide (SOM230): a multicenter, phase II trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009;94:115–122
  70. McCormack AI, McDonald KL, Gill AJ, et al. Low 0(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expression and response to temozolomide in aggressive pituitary tumours. Clinical Endocrinology. 2008;
  71. Paez-Pereda M, Kovalovsky D, Hopfner U, et al. Retinoic acid prevents experimental Cushing syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2001;108:1123–1131
  72. Luton JP, Mahoudeau JA, Bouchard P, et al. Treatment of Cushing's disease by O, p'DDD. Survey of 62 cases. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979;300:459–464
  73. Castinetti F, Morange I, Jaquet P, et al. Ketoconazole revisited: a preoperative or postoperative treatment in Cushing's disease. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2008;158:91–99
  74. Assie G, Bahurel H, Coste J, et al. Corticotroph tumor progression after adrenalectomy in Cushing's disease: a reappraisal of Nelson's syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2007;92:172–179

PII: S1521-690X(09)00070-0

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.06.001

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 23, Issue 5 , Pages 607-623 , October 2009