Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 22, Issue 6 , Pages 955-969 , December 2008

Molecular pathology of thyroid cancer: diagnostic and clinical implications

References 

  1. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Maximo V, Rocha AS, et al. Intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2008 Jun;37(2):333–362viii
  2. Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973–2002. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006 May 10;295(18):2164–2167
  3. In:  DeLellis RA,  Lloyd RV,  Heitz PU,  Eng C editor. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of endocrine organs. Lyon: IARC Press; 2004;
  4. Santoro M, Melillo RM, Carlomagno F, et al. Molecular mechanisms of RET activation in human cancer. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 Jun;963:116–121
  5. Treanor JJ, Goodman L, de Sauvage F, et al. Characterization of a multicomponent receptor for GDNF. Nature. 1996 Jul 4;382(6586):80–83
  6. Nikiforov YE. Thyroid carcinoma: molecular pathways and therapeutic targets. Modern Pathology. 2008 May;21(Suppl. 2):S37–S43
  7. Nikiforov YE, Rowland JM, Bove KE, et al. Distinct pattern of ret oncogene rearrangements in morphological variants of radiation-induced and sporadic thyroid papillary carcinomas in children. Cancer Research. 1997;57:1690–1694
  8. Viglietto G, Chiappetta G, Martinez-Tello FJ, et al. RET/PTC oncogene activation is an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis. Oncogene. 1995;11:1207–1210
  9. Sugg SL, Ezzat S, Rosen IB, et al. Distinct multiple RET/PTC gene rearrangements in multifocal papillary thyroid neoplasia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 Nov;83(11):4116–4122
  10. Jhiang SM, Sagartz JE, Tong Q, et al. Targeted expression of the ret/PTC1 oncogene induces papillary thyroid carcinomas. Endocrinology. 1996;137:375–378
  11. Santoro M, Chiappetta G, Cerrato A, et al. Development of thyroid papillary carcinomas secondary to tissue- specific expression of the RET/PTC1 oncogene in transgenic mice. Oncogene. 1996 Apr 18;12:1821–1826
  12. Powell DJJ, Russell J, Nibu K, et al. The RET/PTC3 oncogene: metastatic solid-type papillary carcinomas in murine thyroids. Cancer Research. 1998;58:5523–5528
  13. Ito T, Seyama T, Iwamoto KS, et al. In vitro irradiation is able to cause RET oncogene rearrangement. Cancer Research. 1993;53:2940–2943
  14. Mizuno T, Kyoizumi S, Suzuki T, et al. Continued expression of a tissue specific activated oncogene in the early steps of radiation-induced human thyroid carcinogenesis. Oncogene. 1997;15:1455–1460
  15. Unger K, Zurnadzhy L, Walch A, et al. RET rearrangements in post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinomas with a short latency analysed by interphase FISH. British Journal of Cancer. 2006 May 22;94(10):1472–1477
  16. Zhu Z, Ciampi R, Nikiforova MN, et al. Prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements in thyroid papillary carcinomas: effects of the detection methods and genetic heterogeneity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006 Sep;91(9):3603–3610
  17. Santoro M, Papotti M, Chiappetta G, et al. RET activation and clinicopathologic features in poorly differentiated thyroid tumors. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 Jan;87(1):370–379
  18. Adeniran AJ, Zhu Z, Gandhi M, et al. Correlation between genetic alterations and microscopic features, clinical manifestations, and prognostic characteristics of thyroid papillary carcinomas. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2006 Feb;30(2):216–222
  19. Ricarte Filho J, Ryder M, Chitale D, et al. Molecular profiling of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers by mass spectrometry with a thyroid cancer-specific platform reveals distinct patterns of oncogenic activation. American Thyroid Association. 2008;[abstract]
  20. Takahashi M. The GDNF/RET signaling pathway and human diseases. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 2001 Dec;12(4):361–373
  21. Hayashi H, Ichihara M, Iwashita T, et al. Characterization of intracellular signals via tyrosine 1062 in RET activated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Oncogene. 2000 Sep 14;19(39):4469–4475
  22. Kimura ET, Nikiforova MN, Zhu Z, et al. High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer: genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Research. 2003 Apr 1;63(7):1454–1457
  23. Frattini M, Ferrario C, Bressan P, et al. Alternative mutations of BRAF, RET and NTRK1 are associated with similar but distinct gene expression patterns in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncogene. 2004 Jul 26;
  24. Soares P, Trovisco V, Rocha AS, et al. BRAF mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements are alternative events in the etiopathogenesis of PTC. Oncogene. 2003 Jul 17;22(29):4578–4580
  25. Suarez HG, du Villard JA, Caillou B, et al. Detection of activated ras oncogenes in human thyroid carcinomas. Oncogene. 1988;2:403–406
  26. Namba H, Rubin SA, Fagin JA. Point mutations of ras oncogenes are an early event in thyroid tumorigenesis. Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 1990;4:1474–1479
  27. Zhu Z, Gandhi M, Nikiforova MN, et al. Molecular profile and clinical-pathologic features of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. An unusually high prevalence of ras mutations. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 Jul;120(1):71–77
  28. Available from: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/perl/genetics/CGP/cosmic?action=byhist&amp2008;
  29. Daum G, Eisenmann-Tappe I, Fries HW, et al. The ins and outs of Raf kinases. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 1994 Nov;19(11):474–480
  30. Peyssonnaux C, Eychene A. The Raf/MEK/ERK pathway: new concepts of activation. Biologie cellulaire. 2001 Sep;93(1–2):53–62
  31. Reuter CW, Catling AD, Jelinek T, et al. Biochemical analysis of MEK activation in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Identification of B-Raf and other activators. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1995 Mar 31;270(13):7644–7655
  32. Mitsutake N, Miyagishi M, Mitsutake S, et al. BRAF mediates RET/PTC-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in thyroid cells: functional support for requirement of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF pathway in papillary thyroid carcinogenesis. Endocrinology. 2006 Feb;147(2):1014–1019
  33. Dhillon AS, Kolch W. Oncogenic B-Raf mutations: crystal clear at last. Cancer Cell. 2004 Apr;5(4):303–304
  34. Ciampi R, Knauf JA, Kerler R, et al. Oncogenic AKAP9–BRAF fusion is a novel mechanism of MAPK pathway activation in thyroid cancer. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2005 Jan;115(1):94–101
  35. Xing M. BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2005 Jun;12(2):245–262
  36. Trovisco V, Vieira de Castro I, Soares P, et al. BRAF mutations are associated with some histological types of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The Journal of Pathology. 2004 Feb;202(2):247–251
  37. Nikiforova MN, Kimura ET, Gandhi M, et al. BRAF mutations in thyroid tumors are restricted to papillary carcinomas and anaplastic or poorly differentiated carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 Nov;88(11):5399–5404
  38. Fukushima T, Suzuki S, Mashiko M, et al. BRAF mutations in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid. Oncogene. 2003 Sep 25;22(41):6455–6457
  39. Namba H, Nakashima M, Hayashi T, et al. Clinical implication of hot spot BRAF mutation, V599E, in papillary thyroid cancers. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 Sep;88(9):4393–4397
  40. Xu X, Quiros RM, Gattuso P, et al. High prevalence of BRAF gene mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas and thyroid tumor cell lines. Cancer Research. 2003 Aug 1;63(15):4561–4567
  41. Cohen Y, Xing M, Mambo E, et al. BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 Apr 16;95(8):625–627
  42. Xing M, Westra WH, Tufano RP, et al. BRAF mutation predicts a poorer clinical prognosis for papillary thyroid cancer. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005 Dec;90(12):6373–6379
  43. Puxeddu E, Moretti S, Elisei R, et al. BRAF(V599E) mutation is the leading genetic event in adult sporadic papillary thyroid carcinomas. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 May;89(5):2414–2420
  44. Xing M. BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer: pathogenic role, molecular bases, and clinical implications. Endocrine Reviews. 2007 Dec;28(7):742–762
  45. Romei C, Ciampi R, Faviana P, et al. BRAFV600E mutation, but not RET/PTC rearrangements, is correlated with a lower expression of both thyroperoxidase and sodium iodide symporter genes in papillary thyroid cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2008 Jun;15(2):511–520
  46. Mian C, Barollo S, Pennelli G, et al. Molecular characteristics in papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) with no 131I uptake. Clinical Endocrinology. 2008 Jan;68(1):108–116
  47. Durante C, Puxeddu E, Ferretti E, et al. BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid carcinomas inhibit genes involved in iodine metabolism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2007 Jul;92(7):2840–2843
  48. Riesco-Eizaguirre G, Gutierrez-Martinez P, Garcia-Cabezas MA, et al. The oncogene BRAF V600E is associated with a high risk of recurrence and less differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma due to the impairment of Na+/I− targeting to the membrane. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2006 Mar;13(1):257–269
  49. Knauf JA, Ma X, Smith EP, et al. Targeted expression of BRAFV600E in thyroid cells of transgenic mice results in papillary thyroid cancers that undergo dedifferentiation. Cancer Research. 2005 May 15;65(10):4238–4245
  50. Leboeuf R, Baumgartner JE, Benezra M, et al. BRAFV600E mutation is associated with preferential sensitivity to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition in thyroid cancer cell lines. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Jun;93(6):2194–2201
  51. Kroll TG, Sarraf P, Pecciarini L, et al. PAX8-PPARgamma1 fusion oncogene in human thyroid carcinoma. [corrected] Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1357–1360
  52. Marques AR, Espadinha C, Catarino AL, et al. Expression of PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 Aug;87(8):3947–3952
  53. Cheung L, Messina M, Gill A, et al. Detection of the PAX8-PPAR gamma fusion oncogene in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 Jan;88(1):354–357
  54. Gregory PJ, Wang X, Allard BL, et al. The PAX8/PPARgamma fusion oncoprotein transforms immortalized human thyrocytes through a mechanism probably involving wild-type PPARgamma inhibition. Oncogene. 2004 Apr 29;23(20):3634–3641
  55. Au AY, McBride C, Wilhelm KG, et al. PAX8-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) disrupts normal PAX8 or PPARgamma transcriptional function and stimulates follicular thyroid cell growth. Endocrinology. 2006 Jan;147(1):367–376
  56. Lacroix L, Lazar V, Michiels S, et al. Follicular thyroid tumors with the PAX8-PPARgamma1 rearrangement display characteristic genetic alterations. The American Journal of Pathology. 2005 Jul;167(1):223–231
  57. Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, et al. RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 May;88(5):2318–2326
  58. Sahin M, Allard BL, Yates M, et al. PPARgamma staining as a surrogate for PAX8/PPARgamma fusion oncogene expression in follicular neoplasms: clinicopathological correlation and histopathological diagnostic value. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005 Jan;90(1):463–468
  59. Marques AR, Espadinha C, Frias MJ, et al. Underexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma in PAX8/PPARgamma-negative thyroid tumours. British Journal of Cancer. 2004 Aug 16;91(4):732–738
  60. Esapa CT, Johnson SJ, Kendall-Taylor P, et al. Prevalence of Ras mutations in thyroid neoplasia. Clinical Endocrinology. 1999 Apr;50(4):529–535
  61. Vitagliano D, Portella G, Troncone G, et al. Thyroid targeting of the N-ras(Gln61Lys) oncogene in transgenic mice results in follicular tumors that progress to poorly differentiated carcinomas. Oncogene. 2006 Jun 19;25(39):5467–5474
  62. Knauf JA, Ouyang B, Knudsen ES, et al. Oncogenic RAS induces accelerated transition through G2/M and promotes defects in the G2 DNA damage and mitotic spindle checkpoints. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2006 Feb 17;281(7):3800–3809
  63. Saavedra HI, Knauf JA, Shirokawa JM, et al. The RAS oncogene induces genomic instability in thyroid PCCL3 cells via the MAPK pathway. Oncogene. 2000 Aug 10;19(34):3948–3954
  64. Giaretti W, Molinu S, Ceccarelli J, et al. Chromosomal instability, aneuploidy, and gene mutations in human sporadic colorectal adenomas. Cellular Oncology. 2004;26(5–6):301–305
  65. Castro P, Soares P, Gusmao L, et al. H-RAS 81 polymorphism is significantly associated with aneuploidy in follicular tumors of the thyroid. Oncogene. 2006 Mar 13;25(33):4620–4627
  66. Maximo V, Soares P, Lima J, et al. Mitochondrial DNA somatic mutations (point mutations and large deletions) and mitochondrial DNA variants in human thyroid pathology: a study with emphasis on Hurthle cell tumors. The American Journal of Pathology. 2002 May;160(5):1857–1865
  67. Gasparre G, Porcelli AM, Bonora E, et al. Disruptive mitochondrial DNA mutations in complex I subunits are markers of oncocytic phenotype in thyroid tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007 May 22;104(21):9001–9006
  68. Rogounovitch T, Saenko V, Yamashita S. Mitochondrial DNA and human thyroid diseases. Endocrine Journal. 2004 Jun;51(3):265–277
  69. Maximo V, Botelho T, Capela J, et al. Somatic and germline mutation in GRIM-19, a dual function gene involved in mitochondrial metabolism and cell death, is linked to mitochondrion-rich (Hurthle cell) tumours of the thyroid. British Journal of Cancer. 2005 May 23;92(10):1892–1898
  70. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Maximo V, Castro IV, et al. Hurthle (oncocytic) cell tumors of thyroid: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical significance. International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2005 Jan;13(1):29–35
  71. Mesa C, Mirza M, Mitsutake N, et al. Conditional activation of RET/PTC3 and BRAFV600E in thyroid cells is associated with gene expression profiles that predict a preferential role of BRAF in extracellular matrix remodeling. Cancer Research. 2006 Jul 1;66(13):6521–6529
  72. Hiltzik D, Carlson DL, Tuttle RM, et al. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas defined on the basis of mitosis and necrosis: a clinicopathologic study of 58 patients. Cancer. 2006 Mar 15;106(6):1286–1295
  73. Ryder M, Ghossein R, Ricarte-Filho J, et al. Increased density of tumor-associated macrophages is associated with decreased survival in advanced thyroid cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2008 Aug 21;
  74. Costa AM, Herrero A, Fresno MF, et al. BRAF mutation associated with other genetic events identifies a subset of aggressive papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology. 2008 Apr;68(4):618–634
  75. Garcia-Rostan G, Costa AM, Pereira-Castro I, et al. Mutation of the PIK3CA gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Cancer Research. 2005 Nov 15;65(22):10199–10207
  76. Garcia-Rostan G, Zhao H, Camp RL, et al. Ras mutations are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 Sep 1;21(17):3226–3235
  77. Santarpia L, el-Naggar AK, Cote GJ, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt and ras/raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mutations in anaplastic thyroid cancer. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Jan;93(1):278–284
  78. Hou P, Liu D, Shan Y, et al. Genetic alterations and their relationship in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in thyroid cancer. Clinical Cancer Research. 2007 Feb 15;13(4):1161–1170
  79. Samuels Y, Wang Z, Bardelli A, et al. High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. Science. 2004 Apr 23;304(5670):554
  80. Samuels Y, Diaz LA, Schmidt-Kittler O, et al. Mutant PIK3CA promotes cell growth and invasion of human cancer cells. Cancer Cell. 2005 Jun;7(6):561–573
  81. Liu Z, Hou P, Ji M, et al. Highly prevalent genetic alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in anaplastic and follicular thyroid cancers. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Aug;93(8):3106–3116
  82. Abubaker J, Jehan Z, Bavi P, et al. Clinicopathological analysis of papillary thyroid cancer with PIK3CA alterations in a Middle Eastern population. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Feb;93(2):611–618
  83. Carpten JD, Faber AL, Horn C, et al. A transforming mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1 in cancer. Nature. 2007 Jul 26;448(7152):439–444
  84. Liaw D, Marsh DJ, Li J, et al. Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nature Genetics. 1997 May;16(1):64–67
  85. Harach HR, Soubeyran I, Brown A, et al. Thyroid pathologic findings in patients with Cowden disease. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 1999 Dec;3(6):331–340
  86. Marsh DJ, Dahia PL, Coulon V, et al. Allelic imbalance, including deletion of PTEN/MMACI, at the Cowden disease locus on 10q22-23, in hamartomas from patients with Cowden syndrome and germline PTEN mutation. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 1998;21(1):61–69
  87. Dahia PL, Marsh DJ, Zheng Z, et al. Somatic deletions and mutations in the Cowden disease gene, PTEN, in sporadic thyroid tumors. Cancer Research. 1997;57(21):4710–4713
  88. Paes JE, Ringel MD. Dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in thyroid neoplasia. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2008 Jun;37(2):375;ix
  89. Frisk T, Foukakis T, Dwight T, et al. Silencing of the PTEN tumor-suppressor gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002 Sep;35(1):74–80
  90. Gimm O, Perren A, Weng LP, et al. Differential nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of PTEN in normal thyroid tissue, and benign and malignant epithelial thyroid tumors. The American Journal of Pathology. 2000 May;156(5):1693–1700
  91. Ito T, Seyama T, Mizuno T, et al. Unique association of p53 mutations with undifferentiated but not with differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Cancer Research. 1992;52:1369–1371
  92. Fagin JA, Matsuo K, Karmakar A, et al. High prevalence of mutations of the p53 gene in poorly differentiated human thyroid carcinomas. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993;91:179–184
  93. Nikiforov YE, Nikiforova MN, Gnepp DR, et al. Prevalence of mutations of ras and p53 in benign and malignant thyroid tumors from children exposed to radiation after the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Oncogene. 1996;13:687–693
  94. Donghi R, Longoni A, Pilotti S, et al. Gene p53 mutations are restricted to poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993;91:1753–1760
  95. Gavert N, Ben-Ze'ev A. Beta-Catenin signaling in biological control and cancer. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2007 Nov 1;102(4):820–828
  96. Polakis P. The many ways of Wnt in cancer. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2007 Feb;17(1):45–51
  97. Cetta F, Montalto G, Gori M, et al. Germline mutations of the APC gene in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis-associated thyroid carcinoma: results from a European cooperative study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 Jan;85(1):286–292
  98. von WR, Rhein A, Werner M, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of E-cadherin in differentiated thyroid carcinomas correlates with clinical outcome. Cancer Research. 1997 Jun 15;57(12):2501–2507
  99. Garcia-Rostan G, Camp RL, Herrero A, et al. Beta-catenin dysregulation in thyroid neoplasms: down-regulation, aberrant nuclear expression, and CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations are markers for aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis. The American Journal of Pathology. 2001 Mar;158(3):987–996
  100. Garcia-Rostan G, Tallini G, Herrero A, et al. Frequent mutation and nuclear localization of beta-catenin in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Research. 1999 Apr 15;59(8):1811–1815
  101. Rousset B. Molecular diagnosis of differentiated thyroid cancer. Towards the application in clinical practice. Annales d'endocrinologie. 2008 Apr;69(2):135–137
  102. Pizzolanti G, Russo L, Richiusa P, et al. Fine-needle aspiration molecular analysis for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma through BRAF V600E mutation and RET/PTC rearrangement. Thyroid. 2007 Nov;17(11):1109–1115
  103. Chung KW, Yang SK, Lee GK, et al. Detection of BRAFV600E mutation on fine needle aspiration specimens of thyroid nodule refines cyto-pathology diagnosis, especially in BRAF600E mutation-prevalent area. Clinical Endocrinology. 2006 Nov;65(5):660–666
  104. Salvatore G, Giannini R, Faviana P, et al. Analysis of BRAF point mutation and RET/PTC rearrangement refines the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 Oct;89(10):5175–5180
  105. Cohen Y, Rosenbaum E, Clark DP, et al. Mutational analysis of BRAF in fine needle aspiration biopsies of the thyroid: a potential application for the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules. Clinical Cancer Research. 2004 Apr 15;10(8):2761–2765
  106. Sapio MR, Posca D, Raggioli A, et al. Detection of RET/PTC, TRK and BRAF mutations in preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytological findings. Clinical Endocrinology. 2007 May;66(5):678–683
  107. Tetzlaff MT, LiVolsi V, Baloch ZW. Assessing the utility of a mutational assay for B-RAF as an adjunct to conventional fine needle aspiration of the thyroid gland. Advances in Anatomic Pathology. 2006 Sep;13(5):228–237
  108. Bartolazzi A, Gasbarri A, Papotti M, et al. Application of an immunodiagnostic method for improving preoperative diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions. Lancet. 2001 May 26;357(9269):1644–1650
  109. Bartolazzi A, Orlandi F, Saggiorato E, et al. Galectin-3-expression analysis in the surgical selection of follicular thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology: a prospective multicentre study. The Lancet Oncology. 2008 Jun;9(6):543–549
  110. Prasad NB, Somervell H, Tufano RP, et al. Identification of genes differentially expressed in benign versus malignant thyroid tumors. Clinical Cancer Research. 2008 Jun 1;14(11):3327–3337
  111. Durand S, Ferraro-Peyret C, Selmi-Ruby S, et al. Evaluation of gene expression profiles in thyroid nodule biopsy material to diagnose thyroid cancer. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Apr;93(4):1195–1202
  112. Hamada A, Mankovskaya S, Saenko V, et al. Diagnostic usefulness of PCR profiling of the differentially expressed marker genes in thyroid papillary carcinomas. Cancer Letters. 2005 Jun 28;224(2):289–301
  113. Weber F, Shen L, Aldred MA, et al. Genetic classification of benign and malignant thyroid follicular neoplasia based on a three-gene combination. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005 May;90(5):2512–2521
  114. Cerutti JM, Latini FR, Nakabashi C, et al. Diagnosis of suspicious thyroid nodules using four protein biomarkers. Clinical Cancer Research. 2006 Jun 1;12(11 Pt 1):3311–3318
  115. Cerutti JM, Delcelo R, Amadei MJ, et al. A preoperative diagnostic test that distinguishes benign from malignant thyroid carcinoma based on gene expression. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2004 Apr;113(8):1234–1242
  116. Cohen EE, Rosen LS, Vokes EE, et al. Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase II study. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008;[published online ahead of print Jun 9]
  117. Gupta-Abramson V, Troxel AB, Nellore A, et al. Phase II trial of Sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008;[published online ahead of print Jun 9]
  118. Sherman SI, Wirth LJ, Droz JP, et al. Motesanib diphosphate in progressive differentiated thyroid cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2008 Jul 3;359(1):31–42
  119. Ladanyi M, Pao W. Lung adenocarcinoma: guiding EGFR-targeted therapy and beyond. Modern Pathology. 2008 May;21(Suppl. 2):S16–S22
  120. Pfister DG, Fagin JA. Refractory thyroid cancer: a paradigm shift in treatment is not far off. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008;[published online ahead of print Jun 9]

PII: S1521-690X(08)00112-7

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.017

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 22, Issue 6 , Pages 955-969 , December 2008

Article Tools