Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 23, Issue 2 , Pages 221-232 , April 2009

Novel strategies for hydrocortisone replacement

  • M. Debono, MRCP (Academic Clinical Fellow Endocrinology)
  • ,
  • J. Newell Price, MA, PhD, FRCP (Senior Lecturer in Endocrinology and Honorary Consultant Physician)
  • ,
  • Richard J. Ross, MD, FRCP (Head of Section Endocrinology and Reproduction, and Professor of Endocrinology)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 (0)114 271 3305.

References 

  1. Krieger DT, Allen W, Rizzo F, et al. Characterization of the normal temporal pattern of plasma corticosteroid levels. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1971;32:266–284
  2. Weitzman ED, Fukushima D, Nogeire C, et al. Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1971;33:14–22
  3. Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Absence of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) neurosecretory dysfunction but increased cortisol concentrations and production rates in ACTH-replete adult cancer survivors after cranial irradiation for nonpituitary brain tumors. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;90:5217–5225
  4. Howlett TA. An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Clinical Endocrinology. 1997;46:263–268
  5. Groves RW, Toms GC, Houghton BJ, et al. Corticosteroid replacement therapy: twice or thrice daily?. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1988;81:514–516
  6. Mah PM, Jenkins RC, Rostami-Hodjegan A, et al. Weight-related dosing, timing and monitoring hydrocortisone replacement therapy in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clinical Endocrinology. 2004;61:367–375
  7. Besser GM, Jeffcoate WJ. Endocrine and metabolic diseases. Adrenal diseases. British Medical Journal. 1976;1:448–451
  8. Hahner S, Loeffler M, Fassnacht M, et al. Impaired subjective health status in 256 patients with adrenal insufficiency on standard therapy based on cross-sectional analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2007;92:3912–3922
  9. Lovas K, Loge JH, Husebye ES. Subjective health status in Norwegian patients with Addison's disease. Clinical Endocrinology. 2002;56:581–588
  10. Peacey SR, Guo CY, Robinson AM, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy: are patients over treated and does it matter?. Clinical Endocrinology. 1997;46:255–261
  11. Filipsson H, Monson JP, Koltowska-Haggstrom M, et al. The impact of glucocorticoid replacement regimens on metabolic outcome and comorbidity in hypopituitary patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:3954–3961
  12. Bergthorsdottir R, Leonsson-Zachrisson M, Oden A, et al. Premature mortality in patients with Addison's disease: a population-based study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:4849–4853
  13. Mills JL, Schonberger LB, Wysowski DK, et al. Long-term mortality in the United States cohort of pituitary-derived growth hormone recipients. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2004;144:430–436
  14. White PC, Speiser PW. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Endocrine Reviews. 2000;21:245–291
  15. Debono M, Ross RJ. Doses and steroids to be used in primary and central hypoadrenalism. Annales D'endocrinologie. 2007;68:265–267
  16. Merza Z, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Memmott A, et al. Circadian hydrocortisone infusions in patients with adrenal insufficiency and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clinical Endocrinology. 2006;65:45–50
  17. Lovas K, Husebye ES. Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion in Addison's disease. European Journal Of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2007;157:109–112
  18. Newell-Price J, Whiteman M, Rostami-Hodjegan A, et al. Modified-release hydrocortisone for circadian therapy: a proof-of-principle study in dexamethasone-suppressed normal volunteers. Clinical Endocrinology. 2008;68:130–135
  19. Skrtic SHL, Nilsson A, Bergthorsdottir R, et al. Improved glucocorticoid replacement therapy by a novel oral hydrocortisone modified-release tablet (oral communication) 9th European Congress of Endocrinology. Budapest: Hungary; 2007;28 April - 2 May
  20. Rubin RP. A brief history of great discoveries in pharmacology: in celebration of the centennial anniversary of the founding of the American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Pharmacological Reviews. 2007;59:289–359
  21. Lovas K, Husebye ES. Replacement therapy for Addison's disease: recent developments. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2008;17:497–509
  22. Derendorf H, Mollmann H, Barth J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of hydrocortisone. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991;31:473–476
  23. Esteban NV, Yergey AL. Cortisol production rates measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Steroids. 1990;55:152–158
  24. Kerrigan JR, Veldhuis JD, Leyo SA, et al. Estimation of daily cortisol production and clearance rates in normal pubertal males by deconvolution analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993;76:1505–1510
  25. Linder BL, Esteban NV, Yergey AL, et al. Cortisol production rate in childhood and adolescence. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990;117:892–896
  26. Oelkers W. Adrenal insufficiency. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;335:1206–1212
  27. Arlt W, Rosenthal C, Hahner S, et al. Quality of glucocorticoid replacement in adrenal insufficiency: clinical assessment vs. timed serum cortisol measurements. Clinical Endocrinology. 2006;64:384–389
  28. Trainer PJ, Besser GM. Barts endocrine protocols. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone International; 1995;
  29. Lockhart DA. Drug interactions: cytochrome P450 drug interaction table. Indiana University School of Medicine; 2007;Available from: http://medicine.iupui.edu/flockhart/table.htm[accessed 08.09.08]
  30. Trainer PJ, McHardy KC, Harvey RD, et al. Urinary free cortisol in the assessment of hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 1993;25:117–120
  31. Thomson AH, Devers MC, Wallace AM, et al. Variability in hydrocortisone plasma and saliva pharmacokinetics following intravenous and oral administration to patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clinical Endocrinology. 2007;66:789–796
  32. Sauve B, Koren G, Walsh G, et al. Measurement of cortisol in human hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. 2007;30:E183–E191
  33. Arlt W, Allolio B. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet. 2003;361:1881–1893
  34. Lovas K, Husebye ES, Holsten F, et al. Sleep disturbances in patients with Addison's disease. European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2003;148:449–456
  35. Zelissen PM, Croughs RJ, van Rijk PP, et al. Effect of glucocorticoid replacement therapy on bone mineral density in patients with Addison disease. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994;120:207–210
  36. McConnell EM, Bell PM, Ennis C, et al. Effects of low-dose oral hydrocortisone replacement versus short-term reproduction of physiological serum cortisol concentrations on insulin action in adult-onset hypopituitarism. Clinical Endocrinology. 2002;56:195–201
  37. Plat L, Byrne MM, Sturis J, et al. Effects of morning cortisol elevation on insulin secretion and glucose regulation in humans. The American Journal of Physiology. 1996;270:E36–E42
  38. Girgis R, Winter JS. The effects of glucocorticoid replacement therapy on growth, bone mineral density, and bone turnover markers in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997;82:3926–3929
  39. Silva IN, Kater CE, Cunha CF, et al. Randomised controlled trial of growth effect of hydrocortisone in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1997;77:214–218
  40. Weintrob N, Dickerman Z, Sprecher E, et al. Non-classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency in infancy and childhood: the effect of time of initiation of therapy on puberty and final height. European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1997;136:188–195
  41. Cavallo A, Corn C, Bryan GT, et al. The use of plasma androstenedione in monitoring therapy of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1979;95:33–37
  42. Riepe FG, Sippell WG. Recent advances in diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2007;8:349–363
  43. Laureti S, Vecchi L, Santeusanio F, et al. Is the prevalence of Addison's disease underestimated?. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84:1762
  44. Lovas K, Husebye ES. High prevalence and increasing incidence of Addison's disease in western Norway. Clinical Endocrinology. 2002;56:787–791
  45. Willis AC, Vince FP. The prevalence of Addison's disease in Coventry, UK. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997;73:286–288
  46. Regal M, Paramo C, Sierra SM, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clinical Endocrinology. 2001;55:735–740
  47. Daly AF, Rixhon M, Adam C, et al. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:4769–4775
  48. Moeller H. Chronopharmacology of hydrocortisone and 9 alpha-fluorhydrocortisone in the treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. European Journal of Pediatrics. 1985;144:370–373

PII: S1521-690X(08)00108-5

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.010

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 23, Issue 2 , Pages 221-232 , April 2009