Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 22, Issue 3 , Pages 447-462 , June 2008

Growth patterns in the growth-retarded premature infant

  • E.L. Pilling, BA, BM, BCh, MRCPCH (Specialist Neonatal Registrar)
  • ,
  • C.J. Elder, MB, BS, BSc, MRCPCH (Specialist Paediatric Registrar)
  • ,
  • A.T. Gibson, MB, BS, BSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPCH (Consultant Neonatologist)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 (0) 114 2268246; Fax: +44 (0) 114 2268449.

References 

  1. Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Epidemiology of preterm birth and its clinical subtypes. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2006;19:773–782
  2. Office of National Statistics. Mortality Statistics. Series DH3.
  3. US Institute of Medicine . Preterm birth: causes, consequences and prevention. Available from: www.iom.edu
  4. Langhoff-Roos J, Kesmodel U, Jacobsson B, et al. Spontaneous preterm delivery in primiparous women at low risk in Denmark: population based study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 2006;332:937–939
  5. Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, et al. Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2007;92:804–810
  6. Child Growth Foundation. Growth Chart, Birth–20 Years. Harlow; 1996.
  7. Keen DV, Pearse RG. Weight, length, and head circumference curves for boys and girls of between 20 and 42 weeks' gestation. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1988;63:1170–1172
  8. Gibson A, Carney S, Wales JKH. Growth and the premature baby. Hormone Research. 2006;65(Suppl. 3):75–81
  9. Gill A, Yu VYH, Bajuk B, et al. Postnatal growth in infants born before 30 weeks' gestation. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1986;61:549–553
  10. Cooke RJ, Ainsworth SB, Fenton AC. Postnatal growth retardation: a universal problem in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2004;89:F428–F430
  11. Moser K, Macfarlane A, Chow YH, et al. Introducing new data on the gestation-specific infant mortality among babies born in 2005 in England and Wales. Health Statistics Quarterly / Office for National Statistics. 2007;35:13–27
  12. Strauss RS, Dietz WH. Effects of intrauterine growth retardation in premature infants on early childhood growth. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1997;130:95–102
  13. Hack M, Schluchter M, Cartar L, et al. Growth of very low birth weight infants to age 20 years. Pediatrics. 2003;112:e30–e38
  14. Bertino E, Coscia A, Mombro M, et al. Postnatal weight increase and growth velocity of very low birthweight infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2006;91:F349–F356
  15. Embleton NE, Pang N, Cooke RJ. Postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: an inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants?. Pediatrics. 2001;107:270–273
  16. Toumba M, Hadjidemetriou A, Topouzi M, et al. Evaluation of the auxological and metabolic status in prepubertal children born small for gestational age. The Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology. 2005;18:677–688
  17. Sann L, Darre E, Lasne Y, et al. Effects of prematurity and dysmaturity on growth at age 5 years. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1986;109:681–686
  18. Monset-Couchard M, de Bethmann O, Relier JP. Long term outcome of small versus appropriate size for gestational age co-twins/triplets. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2004;89:F310–F314
  19. Bracewell MA, Hennessy EM, Wolke D, et al. The EPICure study: growth and blood pressure at 6 years of age following extremely premature birth. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2008;93:F108–F114
  20. Finken MJJ, Dekker FW, de Zegher F, et al. Long-term height gain of prematurely born children with neonatal growth restraint: parallelism with the growth pattern of short children born small for gestational age. Pediatrics. 2006;118:640–643
  21. Cooke RW. Health, lifestyle, and quality of life for young adults born very preterm. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2004;89:201–206
  22. Saigal S, Stoskopf B, Streiner D, et al. Growth trajectories of extremely low birth weight infants from birth to young adulthood: a longitudinal, population-based study. Pediatric Research. 2006;60:751–758
  23. Voss LD, Sandberg DE. The psychological burden of short stature: evidence against. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2004;151(Suppl. 1):S29–S33
  24. Ross G, Krauss AN, Auld PAM. Growth achievement in low-birth-weight premature infants: relationship to neurobehavioural outcome at one year. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1983;103:105–108
  25. Ross G, Lipper EG, Auld PAM. Physical growth and developmental outcome in very low birthweight premature infants at 3 years of age. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1985;107:284–286
  26. Ross G, Lipper EG, Auld PAM. Growth achievement of very low-birth-weight premature children at school age. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990;117:307–309
  27. Astbury J, Orgill AA, Bajuk B, et al. Sequelae of growth failure in appropriate for gestational age, very low-birthweight infants. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1986;28:472–479
  28. Cooke RW. Are there critical periods for brain growth in children born preterm?. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2006;91:F17–F20
  29. Lucas A, Fewtrell MS, Cole TJ. Fetal origins of adult disease – the hypothesis revisited. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999;319:245–249
  30. Eriksson J, Forsen T, Tuomilehto J, et al. Fetal and childhood growth and hypertension in adult life. Hypertension. 2000;36:790–794
  31. Cheung YB, Low L, Osmond C, et al. Fetal growth and early postnatal growth are related to blood pressure in adults. Hypertension. 2000;36:795–800
  32. Wright NP, Gibson AT, Carney S, et al. Does being born prematurely have a long-term effect on blood pressure and glucose tolerance?. Pediatric Research. 2001;49:57A
  33. Singhal A, Fewtrell M, Cole TJ, et al. Low nutrient intake and early growth for later insulin resistance in adolescents born preterm. Lancet. 2003;361:1089–1097
  34. Bo S, Bertino E, Bagna R, et al. Insulin resistance in pre-school very-low-birth weight pre-term children. Diabetes and Metabolism. 2006;32:151–158
  35. Singhal A, Fewtrell M, Cole TJ, et al. Is slower early growth beneficial for long-term cardiovascular health?. Circulation. 2004;109:1108–1111
  36. Carver JD. Nutrition for preterm infants after hospital discharge. Advances in Pediatrics. 2005;52:23–47
  37. Radetti G, Renzullo L, Gottardi E, et al. Altered thyroid and adrenal function in children born at term and preterm, small for gestational age. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;89:6320–6324
  38. Walker BR, Irving IR, Andrew R, et al. Contrasting effects of intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery on adult cortisol secretion and metabolism in man. Clinical Endocrinology. 2002;57:351–355
  39. Mortaz M, Fewtrell MS, Cole TJ, et al. Birth weight, subsequent growth, and cholesterol metabolism in children 8-12 years old born preterm. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001;84:212–217
  40. Singhal A, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S, et al. Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;75:993–999
  41. Regev RH, Reichman B. Prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation – double jeopardy?. Clinics in Perinatology. 2004;31:453–473

PII: S1521-690X(08)00038-9

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.03.002

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 22, Issue 3 , Pages 447-462 , June 2008