Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 22, Issue 1 , Pages 107-118 , February 2008

Fetal and postnatal bone development: reviewing the role of mechanical stimuli and nutrition

  • Christof Land, MD (Consultant Paediatric Endocrinologist)
  • ,
  • Eckhard Schoenau, MD (Professor of Paediatrics, Senior Clinical Fellow)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.

References 

  1. Rigo J, De Curtis M, Pieltain C, et al. Bone mineral metabolism in the micropremie. Clinics in Perinatology. 2000;27:147–170
  2. Backstrom MC, Kuusela AL, Maki R. Metabolic bone disease of prematurity. Annals of Medicine. 1996;28:275–282
  3. Greer FR. Osteopenia of prematurity. Annual Review of Nutrition. 1994;14:169–185
  4. Nelson DA, Koo WW. Interpretation of absorptiometric bone mass measurements in the growing skeleton: issues and limitations. Calcified Tissue International. 1999;65:1–3
  5. Schoenau E, Land C, Stabrey A, et al. The bone mass concept: problems in short stature. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2004;151(supplement 1):S87–S91
  6. Ward LM, Glorieux FH. The spectrum of pediatric osteoporosis. In:  Glorieux FH,  Pettifor JM,  Jüppner H editor. Pediatric bone. San Diego: Academic Press; 2003;p. 401–431
  7. Parfitt AM. Bone-forming cells in clinical conditions. In:  Hall BK editors. The osteoblast and osteocyte. Caldwell, NJ: Telford Press; 1990;p. 351–429
  8. Glimcher MJ. The nature of the mineral phase of bone: biological and clinical implications. In:  Feldman D,  Glorieux FH,  Pike W editor. Vitamin D. San Diego: Academic Press; 1998;p. 645–662
  9. Parfitt AM. Vitamin D and the pathogenesis of rickets and osteomalacia. In:  Feldman D,  Glorieux FH,  Pike W editor. Vitamin D. San Diego: Academic Press; 1997;p. 645–662
  10. Shore RM, Poznanski AK. Radiologic evaluation of bone mineral in children. In:  Favus MJ editors. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996;p. 119–134
  11. Parfitt AM, Drezner MK, Glorieux FH, et al. Bone histomorphometry: standardization of nomenclature, symbols, and units. Report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1987;2:595–610
  12. Rauch F, Schoenau E. Changes in bone density during childhood and adolescence: an approach based on bone's biological organization. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2001;16:597–604
  13. Stettner E. Ossifikationsstudien am Handskelett. III. Die ‘physiologische Osteoporose’. Zeitschrift für Kinderheilkunde. 1931;1–13
  14. Moyer-Mileur LJ, Brunstetter V, McNaught TP, et al. Daily physical activity program increases bone mineralization and growth in preterm very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2000;106:1088–1092
  15. Rauch F, Schoenau E. The developing bone: slave or master of its cells and molecules?. Pediatric Research. 2001;50:309–314
  16. Frost HM, Schonau E. The ‘muscle-bone unit’ in children and adolescents: a 2000 overview. Journal of Pediatric and Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000;13:571–590
  17. Burger EH, Klein-Nulen J. Responses of bone cells to biomechanical forces in vitro. Advances In Dental Research. 1999;13:93–98
  18. Donahue HJ. Gap junctions and biophysical regulation of bone cell differentiation. Bone. 2000;26:417–422
  19. Frost HM. Bone's mechanostat: a 2003 update. The Anatomical Record. Part A, Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 2003;275:1081–1101
  20. Salle BL, Glorieux FH, Delvin EE. Perinatal vitamin D metabolism. Biology of the Neonate. 1988;54:181–187
  21. Namgung R, Tsang RC. Bone in the pregnant mother and newborn at birth. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2003;333:1–11
  22. Koo WW, Sherman R, Succop P, et al. Sequential bone mineral content in small preterm infants with and without fractures and rickets. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1988;3:193–197
  23. Prentice A. Micronutrients and the bone mineral content of the mother, fetus and newborn. The Journal of Nutrition. 2003;133:1693S–1699S
  24. Jarjou LM, Prentice A, Sawo Y, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, calcium supplementation study in pregnant Gambian women: effects on breast-milk calcium concentrations and infant birth weight, growth, and bone mineral accretion in the first year of life. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;83:657–666
  25. Food and Nutrition Board, I.o.M . Dietary reference intakes for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997;
  26. Abrams SA. In utero physiology: role in nutrient delivery and fetal development for calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;85:604S–607S
  27. Bishop N, Fewtrell MS. Metabolic bone disease of prematurity. In:  Glorieux FH,  Pettifor JM,  Jüppner H editor. Pediatric bone. San Diego: Academic Press; 2003;p. 567–581
  28. Cooper LJ, Anast CS. Circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels in premature infants and the response to calcium therapy. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1985;74:669–673
  29. Bishop N. Bone disease in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1989;64:1403–1409
  30. Bronner F, Salle BL, Putet G, et al. Net calcium absorption in premature infants: results of 103 metabolic balance studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992;56:1037–1044
  31. Backstrom MC, Maki R, Kuusela AL, et al. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on bone density and biochemical indices in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1999;80:F161–F166
  32. Hawthorne KM, Griffin IJ, Abrams SA. Current issues in nutritional management of very low birth weight infants. Minerva Pediatrica. 2004;56:359–372
  33. Schanler RJ, Burns PA, Abrams SA, et al. Bone mineralization outcomes in human milk-fed preterm infants. Pediatric Research. 1992;31:583–586
  34. Congdon PJ, Horsman A, Ryan SW, et al. Spontaneous resolution of bone mineral depletion in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1990;65:1038–1042
  35. Helin I, Landin LA, Nilsson BE. Bone mineral content in preterm infants at age 4 to 16. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1985;74:264–267
  36. Horsman A, Ryan SW, Congdon PJ, et al. Bone mineral content and body size 65 to 100 weeks' postconception in preterm and full term infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1989;64:1579–1586
  37. Hori C, Tsukahara H, Fujii Y, et al. Bone mineral status in preterm-born children: assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Biology of the Neonate. 1995;68:254–258
  38. Fewtrell MS, Prentice A, Jones SC, et al. Bone mineralization and turnover in preterm infants at 8-12 years of age: the effect of early diet. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 1999;14:810–820
  39. Lucas A, Uauy R, Tsang RC. Nutritional needs of the preterm infant. Scientific basis and practical guidelines. New York: Caduceus Medical Publishers; 1993;288–289

PII: S1521-690X(07)00089-9

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2007.09.005

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 22, Issue 1 , Pages 107-118 , February 2008