Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 21, Issue 3 , Pages 462-478 , September 2007

Environment, testicular dysgenesis and carcinoma in situ testis

References 

  1. Toppari J, Larsen JC, Christiansen P, et al. Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996;104(supplement 4):741–803
  2. Moller H. Trends in sex-ratio, testicular cancer and male reproductive hazards: are they connected?. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1998;106:232–238
  3. Richiardi L, Bellocco R, Adami HO, et al. Testicular cancer incidence in eight northern European countries: secular and recent trends. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2004;13:2157–2166
  4. Chilvers C, Pike MC, Forman D, et al. Apparent doubling of frequency of undescended testis in England and Wales in 1962–81. Lancet. 1984;2:330–332
  5. Matlai P, Beral V. Trends in congenital malformations of external genitalia. Lancet. 1985;1:108
  6. Paulozzi LJ, Erickson JD, Jackson RJ. Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems. Pediatrics. 1997;100:831–834
  7. Paulozzi LJ. International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999;107:297–302
  8. Toppari J, Kaleva M, Virtanen HE. Trends in the incidence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias, and methodological limitations of registry-based data. Human Reproduction Update. 2001;7:282–286
  9. Boisen KA, Kaleva M, Main KM, et al. Difference in prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in infants between two Nordic countries. Lancet. 2004;363:1264–1269
  10. Boisen KA, Chellakooty M, Schmidt IM, et al. Hypospadias in a cohort of 1072 Danish newborn boys: prevalence and relationship to placental weight, anthropometrical measurements at birth, and reproductive hormone levels at three months of age. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;90:4041–4046
  11. Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, et al. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. British Medical Journal. 1992;305:609–613
  12. Auger J, Kunstmann JM, Czyglik F, et al. Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;332:281–285
  13. Irvine S, Cawood E, Richardson D, et al. Evidence of deteriorating semen quality in the United Kingdom: birth cohort study in 577 men in Scotland over 11 years. British Medical Journal. 1996;312:467–471
  14. Andersen AG, Jensen TK, Carlsen E, et al. High frequency of sub-optimal semen quality in an unselected population of young men. Human Reproduction. 2000;15:366–372
  15. Swan SH, Elkin EP, Fenster L. The question of declining sperm density revisited: an analysis of 101 studies published 1934–1996. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000;108:961–966
  16. Jorgensen N, Asklund C, Carlsen E, et al. Coordinated European investigations of semen quality: results from studies of Scandinavian young men is a matter of concern. International Journal of Andrology. 2006;29:54–61
  17. Jouannet P, Wang C, Eustache F, et al. Semen quality and male reproductive health: the controversy about human sperm concentration decline. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2001;109:333–344
  18. Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Main KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Human Reproduction. 2001;16:972–978
  19. Skakkebaek NE, Holm M, Hoei-Hansen C, et al. Association between testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) and testicular neoplasia: evidence from 20 adult patients with signs of maldevelopment of the testis. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003;111:1–9
  20. Batata MA, Chu FC, Hilaris BS, et al. Testicular cancer in cryptorchids. Cancer. 1982;49:1023–1030
  21. Giwercman A, Grindsted J, Hansen B, et al. Testicular cancer risk in boys with maldescended testis: a cohort study. The Journal of Urology. 1987;138:1214–1216
  22. Giwercman A, Muller J, Skakkebaek NE. Carcinoma in situ of the undescended testis. Seminars in Urology. 1988;6:110–119
  23. Moller H, Prener A, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular cancer, cryptorchidism, inguinal hernia, testicular atrophy, and genital malformations: case-control studies in Denmark. Cancer Causes & Control. 1996;7:264–274
  24. Prener A, Engholm G, Jensen OM. Genital anomalies and risk for testicular cancer in Danish men. Epidemiology. 1996;7:14–19
  25. Weidner IS, Moller H, Jensen TK, et al. Risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias. The Journal of Urology. 1999;161:1606–1609
  26. Lee PA, Coughlin MT. Fertility after bilateral cryptorchidism. Evaluation by paternity, hormone, and semen data. Hormone Research. 2001;55:28–32
  27. Moller H, Skakkebaek NE. Risk of testicular cancer in subfertile men: case-control study. British Medical Journal. 1999;318:559–562
  28. Baker JA, Buck GM, Vena JE, et al. Fertility patterns prior to testicular cancer diagnosis. Cancer Causes & Control. 2005;16:295–299
  29. Petersen PM, Skakkebaek NE, Giwercman A. Gonadal function in men with testicular cancer: biological and clinical aspects. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1998;106:24–34
  30. Skakkebaek NE. Possible carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. Lancet. 1972;2:516–517
  31. Rorth M, Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Andersson L, et al. Carcinoma in situ in the testis. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. Supplementum. 2000;166–186
  32. McLachlan RI, Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Hoei-Hansen CE, et al. Histological evaluation of the human testis–approaches to optimizing the clinical value of the assessment: Mini Review. Human Reproduction. 2007;22:2–16
  33. Olesen IA, Hoei-Hansen C, Rajpert-De Meyts E, et al. Testicular carcinoma in situ in subfertile Danish men. International Journal of Andrology (in press).
  34. Berkowitz GS, Lapinski RH, Godbold JH, et al. Maternal and neonatal risk factors for cryptorchidism. Epidemiology. 1995;6:127–131
  35. Moller H, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular cancer and cryptorchidism in relation to prenatal factors: case-control studies in Denmark. Cancer Causes & Control. 1997;8:904–912
  36. Francois I, de Zegher F, Spiessens C, et al. Low birth weight and subsequent male subfertility. Pediatric Research. 1997;42:899–901
  37. Weir HK, Marrett LD, Kreiger N, et al. Pre-natal and peri-natal exposures and risk of testicular germ-cell cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 2000;87:438–443
  38. Pierik FH, Burdorf A, Deddens JA, et al. Maternal and paternal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a case-control study in newborn boys. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2004;112:1570–1576
  39. Main KM, Jensen RB, Asklund C, et al. Low birth weight and male reproductive function. Hormone Research. 2006;65(supplement 3):116–122
  40. Aarskog D. Clinical and cytogenetic studies in hypospadias. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement. 1970;203(1 supplement):
  41. Scully RE. Neoplasia Associated with Anomalous Sexual Development and Abnormal Sex Chromosomes. Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology. 1981;8:203–217
  42. Savage MO, Lowe DG. Gonadal neoplasia and abnormal sexual differentiation. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford). 1990;32:519–533
  43. Jorgensen N, Carlsen E, Nermoen I, et al. East-West gradient in semen quality in the Nordic-Baltic area: a study of men from the general population in Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Finland. Human Reproduction. 2002;17:2199–2208
  44. Hemminki K, Li X. Cancer risks in Nordic immigrants and their offspring in Sweden. European Journal of Cancer. 2002;38:2428–2434
  45. Dieckmann KP, Pichlmeier U. Clinical epidemiology of testicular germ cell tumors. World Journal of Urology. 2004;22:2–14
  46. Zimmermann S, Steding G, Emmen JM, et al. Targeted disruption of the Insl3 gene causes bilateral cryptorchidism. Molecular Endocrinology. 1999;13:681–691
  47. Adham IM, Agoulnik AI. Insulin-like 3 signalling in testicular descent. International Journal of Andrology. 2004;27:257–265
  48. Kaleva M, Toppari J. Cryptorchidism: an indicator of testicular dysgenesis?. Cell and Tissue Research. 2005;322:167–172
  49. Baskin LS. Hypospadias and urethral development. The Journal of Urology. 2000;163:951–956
  50. Skakkebaek NE. Carcinoma-in-situ of testis in testicular feminization syndrome. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica. Section A, Pathology. 1979;87:87–89
  51. Muller J, Skakkebaek NE, Nielsen OH, et al. Cryptorchidism and testis cancer. Atypical infantile germ cells followed by carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma in adulthood. Cancer. 1984;54:629–634
  52. Jacobsen GK, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Placental alkaline phosphatase in testicular germ cell tumours and in carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. An immunohistochemical study. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. Section A, Pathology. 1984;92:323–329
  53. Giwercman A, Andrews PW, Jorgensen N, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of embryonal marker TRA-1-60 in carcinoma in situ and germ cell tumors of the testis. Cancer. 1993;72:1308–1314
  54. Giwercman A, Marks A, Bailey D, et al. A monoclonal antibody as a marker for carcinoma in situ germ cells of the human adult testis. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1988;96:667–670
  55. Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Skakkebaek NE. Expression of the c-kit protein product in carcinoma-in-situ and invasive testicular germ cell tumours. International Journal of Andrology. 1994;17:85–92
  56. Strohmeyer T, Reese D, Press M, et al. Expression of the c-kit proto-oncogene and its ligand stem cell factor (SCF) in normal and malignant human testicular tissue. The Journal of Urology. 1995;153:511–515
  57. Jorgensen N, Giwercman A, Muller J, et al. Immunohistochemical markers of carcinoma in situ of the testis also expressed in normal infantile germ cells. Histopathology. 1993;22:373–378
  58. Jorgensen N, Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Graem N, et al. Expression of immunohistochemical markers for testicular carcinoma in situ by normal human fetal germ cells. Laboratory Investigation. 1995;72:223–231
  59. Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Jorgensen N, Muller J, et al. Prolonged expression of the c-kit receptor in germ cells of intersex fetal testes. The Journal of Pathology. 1996;178:166–169
  60. Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Hanstein R, Jorgensen N, et al. Developmental expression of POU5F1 (OCT-3/4) in normal and dysgenetic human gonads. Human Reproduction. 2004;19:1338–1344
  61. Gaskell TL, Esnal A, Robinson LL, et al. Immunohistochemical profiling of germ cells within the human fetal testis: identification of three subpopulations. Biology of Reproduction. 2004;71:2012–2021
  62. Hoei-Hansen CE, Nielsen JE, Almstrup K, et al. Transcription factor AP-2gamma is a developmentally regulated marker of testicular carcinoma in situ and germ cell tumors. Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2004;10:8521–8530
  63. Honecker F, Stoop H, de Krijger RR, et al. Pathobiological implications of the expression of markers of testicular carcinoma in situ by fetal germ cells. The Journal of Pathology. 2004;203:849–857
  64. Hoei-Hansen CE, Almstrup K, Nielsen JE, et al. Stem cell pluripotency factor NANOG is expressed in human fetal gonocytes, testicular carcinoma in situ and germ cell tumours. Histopathology. 2005;47:48–56
  65. Pauls K, Jager R, Weber S, et al. Transcription factor AP-2gamma, a novel marker of gonocytes and seminomatous germ cell tumors. International Journal of Cancer. 2005;115:470–477
  66. Almstrup K, Hoei-Hansen CE, Wirkner U, et al. Embryonic stem cell-like features of testicular carcinoma in situ revealed by genome-wide gene expression profiling. Cancer Research. 2004;64:4736–4743
  67. Bartkova J, Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Skakkebaek NE, et al. Deregulation of the G1/S-phase control in human testicular germ cell tumours. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003;111:252–265
  68. Skakkebaek NE, Berthelsen JG, Giwercman A, et al. Carcinoma-in-situ of the testis: possible origin from gonocytes and precursor of all types of germ cell tumours except spermatocytoma. International Journal of Andrology. 1987;10:19–28
  69. Hoei-Hansen CE, Holm M, Rajpert-DeMeyts E, et al. Histological evidence of testicular dysgenesis in contralateral biopsies from 218 patients with testicular germ cell cancer. The Journal of Pathology. 2003;200:370–374
  70. Rey R, Mebarki F, Forest MG, et al. Anti-mullerian hormone in children with androgen insensitivity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994;79:960–964
  71. Steger K, Rey R, Kliesch S, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of immature Sertoli cell markers in testicular tissue of infertile adult men: a preliminary study. International Journal of Andrology. 1996;19:122–128
  72. Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Jorgensen N, Graem N, et al. Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone during normal and pathological gonadal development: association with differentiation of Sertoli and granulosa cells. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84:3836–3844
  73. Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Jorgensen N, Brondum-Nielsen K, et al. Developmental arrest of germ cells in the pathogenesis of germ cell neoplasia. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1998;106:198–204
  74. Rajpert-DeMeyts E. Developmental model for the pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ: genetic and environmental aspects. Human Reproduction Update. 2006;12:303–323
  75. Ferlin A, Arredi B, Zuccarello D, et al. Paracrine and endocrine roles of insulin-like factor 3. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2006;29:657–664
  76. Vogt P, Chandley AC, Hargreave TB, et al. Microdeletions in interval 6 of the Y chromosome of males with idiopathic sterility point to disruption of AZF, a human spermatogenesis gene. Human Genetics. 1992;89:491–496
  77. Reijo R, Lee TY, Salo P, et al. Diverse spermatogenic defects in humans caused by Y chromosome deletions encompassing a novel RNA-binding protein gene. Nature Genetics. 1995;10:383–393
  78. Kuroda-Kawaguchi T, Skaletsky H, Brown LG, et al. The AZFc region of the Y chromosome features massive palindromes and uniform recurrent deletions in infertile men. Nature genetics. 2001;29:279–286
  79. Krausz C, Quintana-Murci L, Forti G. Y chromosome polymorphisms in medicine. Annals of Medicine. 2004;36:573–583
  80. Taskinen S, Hovatta O, Wikstrom S. Early treatment of cryptorchidism, semen quality and testicular endocrinology. The Journal of Urology. 1996;156:82–84
  81. Cortes D. Cryptorchidism - Aspects of pathogenesis, histology and treatment. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. Supplementum. 1998;32:1–54
  82. Rey RA, Codner E, Iniguez G, et al. Low risk of impaired testicular Sertoli and Leydig cell functions in boys with isolated hypospadias. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;90:6035–6040
  83. Hughes IA. Intersex. BJU International. 2002;90:769–776
  84. Muller J, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular carcinoma in situ in children with the androgen insensitivity (testicular feminisation) syndrome. British Medical Journal (Clinical research ed.). 1984;288:1419–1420
  85. Muller J, Skakkebaek NE, Ritzen M, et al. Carcinoma in situ of the testis in children with 45,X/46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1985;106:431–436
  86. Cassio A, Cacciari E, D'Errico A, et al. Incidence of intratubular germ cell neoplasia in androgen insensitivity syndrome. Acta Endocrinologica. 1990;123:416–422
  87. Rutgers JL, Scully RE. The androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminization): a clinicopathologic study of 43 cases. International Journal of Gynecological Pathology: Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1991;10:126–144
  88. Ramani P, Yeung CK, Habeebu SS. Testicular intratubular germ cell neoplasia in children and adolescents with intersex. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1993;17:1124–1133
  89. Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Szarras-Czapnik M, Kula K. Testicular pathology in 46,XY dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism: an approach to pathogenesis of testis cancer. Journal of Andrology. 2001;22:781–792
  90. Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Romer TE, Kula K. Neoplastic potential of germ cells in relation to disturbances of gonadal organogenesis and changes in karyotype. Journal of Andrology. 2003;24:270–278
  91. Cools M, Drop SL, Wolffenbuttel KP, et al. Germ cell tumors in the intersex gonad: old paths, new directions, moving frontiers. Endocrine Reviews. 2006;27:468–484
  92. Muller J, Visfeldt J, Philip J, et al. Carcinoma in situ, gonadoblastoma, and early invasive neoplasia in a nine-year-old girl with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1992;100:170–174
  93. Jorgensen N, Muller J, Jaubert F, et al. Heterogeneity of gonadoblastoma germ cells: similarities with immature germ cells, spermatogonia and testicular carcinoma in situ cells. Histopathology. 1997;30:177–186
  94. Cools M, Stoop H, Kersemaekers AM, et al. Gonadoblastoma arising in undifferentiated gonadal tissue within dysgenetic gonads. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:2404–2413
  95. Hannema SE, Scott IS, Rajpert-DeMeyts E, et al. Testicular development in the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. The Journal of Pathology. 2006;208:518–527
  96. Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Skakkebaek NE. The possible role of sex hormones in the development of testicular cancer. European Urology. 1993;23:54–59
  97. Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Jorgensen N, et al. Germ cell cancer and disorders of spermatogenesis: an environmental connection?. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1998;106:3–11
  98. Moller H. Clues to the aetiology of testicular germ cell tumours from descriptive epidemiology. European Urology. 1993;23:8–13
  99. Main KM, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE. Gonadal development and reproductive hormones in infant boys. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2006;155:S51–S57
  100. Main KM, Toppari J, Suomi AM, et al. Larger testes and higher inhibin B levels in Finnish than in Danish newborn boys. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:2732–2737
  101. Henderson BE, Benton B, Jing J, et al. Risk factors for cancer of the testis in young men. International Journal of Cancer. 1979;23:598–602
  102. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?. Lancet. 1993;341:1392–1395
  103. Herbst AL, Ulfelder H, Poskanzer DC. Adenocarcinoma of the vagina. Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1971;284:878–881
  104. Leary FJ, Resseguie LJ, Kurland LT, et al. Males exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984;252:2984–2989
  105. Henderson BE, Benton B, Cosgrove M, et al. Urogenital tract abnormalities in sons of women treated with diethylstilbestrol. Pediatrics. 1976;58:505–507
  106. Whitehead ED, Leiter E. Genital abnormalities and abnormal semen analyses in male patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. The Journal of Urology. 1981;125:47–50
  107. Gill WB, Schumacher GF, Bibbo M, et al. Association of diethylstilbestrol exposure in utero with cryptorchidism, testicular hypoplasia and semen abnormalities. The Journal of Urology. 1979;122:36–39
  108. Giusti RM, Iwamoto K, Hatch EE. Diethylstilbestrol revisited: a review of the long-term health effects. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1995;122:778–788
  109. Strohsnitter WC, Noller KL, Hoover RN, et al. Cancer risk in men exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001;93:545–551
  110. Gill WB, Schumacher GF, Bibbo M. Pathological semen and anatomical abnormalities of the genital tract in human male subjects exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. The Journal of Urology. 1977;117:477–480
  111. Klip H, Verloop J, van Gool JD, et al. Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002;359:1102–1107
  112. Palmer JR, Wise LA, Robboy SJ, et al. Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Epidemiology. 2005;16:583–586
  113. Brouwers MM, Feitz WF, Roelofs LA, et al. Hypospadias: a transgenerational effect of diethylstilbestrol?. Human Reproduction. 2006;21:666–669
  114. Sharpe RM. Pathways of endocrine disruption during male sexual differentiation and masculinization. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;20:91–110
  115. Fisher JS, Macpherson S, Marchetti N, et al. Human ‘testicular dysgenesis syndrome’: a possible model using in-utero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalate. Human Reproduction. 2003;18:1383–1394
  116. Barlow NJ, Phillips SL, Wallace DG, et al. Quantitative changes in gene expression in fetal rat testes following exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicological Sciences: an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2003;73:431–441
  117. Thompson CJ, Ross SM, Gaido KW. Di(n-butyl) phthalate impairs cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis in the fetal rat testis through a rapid and reversible mechanism. Endocrinology. 2004;145:1227–1237
  118. Mylchreest E, Wallace DG, Cattley RC, et al. Dose-dependent alterations in androgen-regulated male reproductive development in rats exposed to Di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation. Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2000;55:143–151
  119. Parks LG, Ostby JS, Lambright CR, et al. The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2000;58:339–349
  120. Rhees RW, Kirk BA, Sephton S, et al. Effects of prenatal testosterone on sexual behavior, reproductive morphology and LH secretion in the female rat. Developmental Neuroscience. 1997;19:430–437
  121. Swan SH, Main KM, Liu F, et al. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005;113:1056–1061
  122. Weidner IS, Moller H, Jensen TK, et al. Cryptorchidism and hypospadias in sons of gardeners and farmers. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998;106:793–796
  123. Damgaard IN, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J, et al. Persistent pesticides in human breast milk and cryptorchidism. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006;114:1133–1138
  124. Thorup J, Cortes D, Petersen BL. The incidence of bilateral cryptorchidism is increased and the fertility potential is reduced in sons born to mothers who have smoked during pregnancy. The Journal of Urology. 2006;176:734–737
  125. Jensen TK, Henriksen TB, Hjollund NH, et al. Adult and prenatal exposures to tobacco smoke as risk indicators of fertility among 430 Danish couples. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998;148:992–997
  126. Jensen TK, Jorgensen N, Punab M, et al. Association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with reduced semen quality and testis size in adulthood: a cross-sectional study of 1,770 young men from the general population in five European countries. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004;159:49–58
  127. Moller H, Skakkebaek NE. Risks of testicular cancer and cryptorchidism in relation to socio-economic status and related factors: case-control studies in Denmark. International Journal of Cancer. 1996;66:287–293
  128. Hardell L, van Bavel B, Lindstrom G, et al. Increased concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, and chlordanes in mothers of men with testicular cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003;111:930–934
  129. Hardell L, Bavel B, Lindstrom G, et al. In utero exposure to persistent organic pollutants in relation to testicular cancer risk. International Journal of Andrology. 2006;29:228–234

PII: S1521-690X(07)00032-2

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.002

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 21, Issue 3 , Pages 462-478 , September 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution