Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 385-400 , September 2006

Surgically correctable hypertension caused by primary aldosteronism

  • Gian Paolo Rossi, MD, FACC, FAHA (Associate Professor of Internal Medicine)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +39 049 821 3304/2301; Fax: +39 049 880 2252.

References 

  1. Duly RG, Lifton RP. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84:4341–4344
  2. Seccia TM, Fassina A, Nussdorfer GG, et al. Aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma: an unusual cause of Conn's syndrome with an ominous clinical course. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 2005;12:149–159
  3. Wajiki M, Ogawa A, Fukui J, et al. Coexistence of aldosteronoma and pheochromocytoma in an adrenal gland. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1985;28:75–78
  4. Gordon RD, Bachmann AW, Klemm SA, et al. An association of primary aldosteronism and adrenaline-secreting phaeochromocytoma. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1994;21:219–222
  5. Tan GH, Carney JA, Grant CS, et al. Coexistence of bilateral adrenal phaeochromocytoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford). 1996;44:603–609
  6. Mannhart M, Ludin H, Veyrat R, et al. Secondary hyperaldosteronism caused by cervical phaeochromocytoma cured by ablation of the tumor. Helvetica Medica Acta. 1971;35:479–483
  7. Kitajima W, Saruta T, Kondo K, et al. A case of secondary aldosteronism induced by pheochromocytoma. The Journal of Urology. 1975;114:141–143
  8. Stowasser M, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Response to unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma: effect of potassium levels and angiotensin responsiveness. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1994;21:319–322
  9. Rossi GP, Bernini G, Fabris B et al. Primary aldosteronism (PA) prevalence in Italy (papy) study: results of a nationwide survey. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006 [in press].
  10. Omura M, Sasano H, Fujiwara T, et al. Unique cases of unilateral hyperaldosteronemia due to multiple adrenocortical micronodules, which can only be detected by selective adrenal venous sampling. Metabolism. 2002;51:350–355
  11. Haenel LC, Hermayer KL. A case of unilateral adrenal hyperplasia: the diagnostic dilemma of hyperaldosteronism. Endocrine Practice. 2000;6:153–158
  12. Morioka M, Kobayashi T, Sone A, et al. Primary aldosteronism due to unilateral adrenal hyperplasia: report of two cases and review of the literature. Endocrine Journal. 2000;47:443–449
  13. Katayama Y, Takata N, Tamura T, et al. A case of primary aldosteronism due to unilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Hypertension Research. 2005;28:379–384
  14. Hirono Y, Doi M, Yoshimoto T, et al. A case with primary aldosteronism due to unilateral multiple adrenocortical micronodules. Endocrine Journal. 2005;52:435–439
  15. Rossi GP, Zanin L, De Toni R, et al. Dopaminergic regulation of aldosterone secretion in primary aldosteronism: a clinical study. Hypertension Research. 1994;17:105–115
  16. Mulatero P, Dluhy RG, Giacchetti G, et al. Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: from screening to subtype differentiation. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;16:114–119
  17. Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;89:1045–1050
  18. Rossi GP, Ganzaroli C, Miotto D, et al. Dynamic testing with high-dose adrenocorticotrophic hormone does not improve lateralization of aldosterone oversecretion in primary aldosteronism patients. Journal of Hypertension. 2006;24:371–379
  19. Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 1995;18:495–511
  20. Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. 2001;2:156–169
  21. Young WF. Primary aldosteronism: management issues. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002;970:61–76
  22. Rossi GP, Chiesura-Corona M, Tregnaghi A, et al. Imaging of aldosterone-secreting adenomas: a prospective comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in 27 patients with suspected primary aldosteronism. Journal of Human Hypertension. 1993;7:357–363
  23. Mayo-Smith WW, Boland GW, Noto RB, et al. State-of-the-art adrenal imaging. Radiographics. 2001;21:995–1012
  24. Lockhart ME, Smith JK, Kenney PJ. Imaging of adrenal masses. European Journal of Radiology. 2002;41:95–112
  25. Blake MA, Kalra MK, Maher MM, et al. Pheochromocytoma: an imaging chameleon. Radiographics. 2004;24(supplement 1):S87–S99
  26. Sahdev A, Reznek RH. Imaging evaluation of the non-functioning indeterminate adrenal mass. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;15:271–276
  27. Renken NS, Krestin GP. Magnetic resonance imaging of the adrenal glands. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR. 2005;26:162–171
  28. Fallo F, Barzon L, Boscaro M, et al. Coexistence of aldosteronoma and contralateral nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma in primary aldosteronism. American Journal of Hypertension. 1997;10:476–478
  29. Magill SB, Raff H, Shaker JL, et al. Comparison of adrenal vein sampling and computed tomography in the differentiation of primary aldosteronism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001;86:1066–1071
  30. Kloos RT, Gross MD, Francis IR, et al. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Endocrine Reviews. 1995;16:460–484
  31. Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, et al. A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study group on adrenal tumors of the Italian society of endocrinology. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000;85:637–644
  32. Blumenfeld JD, Sealey JE, Schlussel Y, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994;121:877–885
  33. Young WF, Stanson AW, Grant CS, et al. Primary aldosteronism: adrenal venous sampling. Surgery. 1996;120:913–919
  34. Phillips JL, Walther MM, Pezzullo JC, et al. Predictive value of preoperative tests in discriminating bilateral adrenal hyperplasia from an aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000;85:4526–4533
  35. Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Chiesura-Corona M, et al. Identification of the etiology of primary aldosteronism with adrenal vein sampling in patients with equivocal computed tomography and magnetic resonance findings: results in 104 consecutive cases. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001;86:1083–1090
  36. Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 2004;136:1227–1235
  37. Daunt N. Adrenal vein sampling: how to make it quick, easy, and successful. Radiographics. 2005;25(supplement 1):S143–S158
  38. Enberg U, Volpe C, Hoog A, et al. Postoperative differentiation between unilateral adrenal adenoma and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia in primary aldosteronism by mRNA expression of the gene CYP11B2. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2004;151:73–85
  39. Hogan MJ, McRae J, Schambelan M, et al. Location of aldosterone-producing adenomas with 131I-19-iodocholesterol. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976;294:410–414
  40. Nomura K, Kusakabe K, Maki M, et al. Iodomethylnorcholesterol uptake in an aldosteronoma shown by dexamethasone-suppression scintigraphy: relationship to adenoma size and functional activity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990;71:825–830
  41. Gross MD, Shapiro B, Freitas JE. Limited significance of asymmetric adrenal visualization on dexamethasone-suppression scintigraphy. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1985;26:43–48
  42. Vetter H, Fischer M, Galanski M, et al. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis and noninvasive lateralization procedures. Cardiology. 1985;72(supplement 1):57–63
  43. Mansoor GA, Malchoff CD, Arici MH, et al. Unilateral adrenal hyperplasia causing primary aldosteronism: limitations of I-131 norcholesterol scanning. American Journal of Hypertension. 2002;15:459–464
  44. Sawka AM, Young WF, Thompson GB, et al. Primary aldosteronism: factors associated with normalization of blood pressure after surgery. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001;135:258–261
  45. Massien-Simon C, Battaglia C, Chatellier G, et al. Conn's adenoma. Diagnostic and prognostic value of the measurement of potassium, renin, aldosterone levels and the aldosterone/renin ratio. Presse Médicale (Paris). 1995;24:1238–1242
  46. Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Pavan E, et al. Remodeling of the left ventricle in primary aldosteronism due to Conn's adenoma. Circulation. 1997;95:1471–1478
  47. Rossi GP, Vendraminelli R, Cesari M, et al. A thoracic mass with hypertension and hypokalaemia. Lancet. 2000;356:1570
  48. Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR, et al. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;289:2363–2369
  49. Rundback JH, Sacks D, Kent KC, et al. Guidelines for the reporting of renal artery revascularization in clinical trials. American Heart Association. Circulation. 2002;106:1572–1585
  50. New MI, Geller DS, Fallo F, et al. Monogenic low renin hypertension. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;16:92–97
  51. Pascoe L, Jeunemaitre X, Lebrethon MC, et al. Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism and adrenal tumors occurring in a single French pedigree. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995;96:2236–2246
  52. Mulatero P, Veglio F, Pilon C, et al. Diagnosis of glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in primary aldosteronism: aldosterone response to dexamethasone and long polymerase chain reaction for chimeric gene. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998;83:2573–2575
  53. Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ, et al. Clinical and pathological diversity of primary aldosteronism, including a new familial variety. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1991;18:283–286
  54. Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Familial hyperaldosteronism. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2001;78:215–229
  55. Ulick S, Levine LS, Gunczler P, et al. A syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess associated with defects in the peripheral metabolism of cortisol. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1979;49:757–764
  56. Stewart PM, Corrie JE, Shackleton CH, et al. Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. A defect in the cortisol-cortisone shuttle. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1988;82:340–349
  57. Edwards CR, Stewart PM, Burt D, et al. Localisation of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase – tissue specific protector of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Lancet. 1988;2:986–989
  58. Funder JW, Pearce PT, Smith R, et al. Mineralocorticoid action: target tissue specificity is enzyme, not receptor, mediated. Science. 1988;242:583–585
  59. Wilson RC, Krozowski ZS, Li K, et al. A mutation in the HSD11B2 gene in a family with apparent mineralocorticoid excess. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995;80:2263–2266
  60. Mune T, Rogerson FM, Nikkila H, et al. Human hypertension caused by mutations in the kidney isozyme of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Nature Genetics. 1995;10:394–399
  61. Stewart PM, Krozowski ZS, Gupta A, et al. Hypertension in the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess due to mutation of the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene. Lancet. 1996;347:88–91
  62. Monder C, Shackleton CH, Bradlow HL, et al. The syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess: its association with 11 beta-dehydrogenase and 5 beta-reductase deficiency and some consequences for corticosteroid metabolism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986;63:550–557
  63. Stewart PM, Wallace AM, Valentino R, et al. Mineralocorticoid activity of liquorice: 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency comes of age. Lancet. 1987;2:821–824
  64. Farese RV, Biglieri EG, Shackleton CH, et al. Licorice-induced hypermineralocorticoidism. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991;325:1223–1227
  65. Canessa CM, Schild L, Buell G, et al. Amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel is made of three homologous subunits. Nature. 1994;367:463–467
  66. Shimkets RA, Warnock DG, Bositis CM, et al. Liddle's syndrome: heritable human hypertension caused by mutations in the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel. Cell. 1994;79:407–414
  67. Hansson JH, Nelson-Williams C, Suzuki H, et al. Hypertension caused by a truncated epithelial sodium channel gamma subunit: genetic heterogeneity of Liddle syndrome. Nature Genetics. 1995;11:76–82
  68. Hansson JH, Schild L, Lu Y, et al. A de novo missense mutation of the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel causes hypertension and Liddle syndrome, identifying a proline-rich segment critical for regulation of channel activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 1995;92:11495–11499
  69. Luft FC. Molecular genetics of salt-sensitivity and hypertension. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2001;29:500–504
  70. Botero-Velez M, Curtis JJ, Warnock DG. Brief report: Liddle's syndrome revisited – a disorder of sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;330:178–181
  71. Persu A, Barbry P, Bassilana F, et al. Genetic analysis of the beta subunit of the epithelial Na+ channel in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1998;32:129–137
  72. Hummler E, Horisberger JD. Genetic disorders of membrane transport. V. The epithelial sodium channel and its implication in human diseases. American Journal of Physiology. 1999;276:G567–G571
  73. Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, et al. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2005;45:1243–1248

PII: S1521-690X(06)00049-2

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2006.07.003

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 385-400 , September 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution