Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 355-367 , September 2006

Insulin resistance in hypertension and cardiovascular disease

References 

  1. Sowers JR, Frohlich ED. Insulin and insulin resistance: impact on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. The Medical Clinics of North America. 2004;88(1):63–82
  2. Sorisky A. Molecular links between obesity and cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Therapeutics. 2002;9(6):516–521
  3. Polonsky KS, Given BD, Van CE. Twenty-four-hour profiles and pulsatile patterns of insulin secretion in normal and obese subjects. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1988;81(2):442–448
  4. Ferrannini E, Camastra S. Relationship between impaired glucose tolerance, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1998;28(supplement 2):3–6[discussion 6–7]
  5. Boden G, Shulman GI. Free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes: defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2002;32(supplement 3):14–23
  6. Despres JP, Lamarche B, Mauriege P, et al. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;334(15):952–957
  7. Ducimetiere P, Eschwege E, Papoz L, et al. Relationship of plasma insulin levels to the incidence of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease mortality in a middle-aged population. Diabetologia. 1980;19(3):205–210
  8. Pyorala K, Savolainen E, Kaukola S, et al. Plasma insulin as coronary heart disease risk factor: relationship to other risk factors and predictive value during 9 1/2-year follow-up of the Helsinki Policemen Study population. Acta Medica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1985;701:38–52
  9. Ferrannini E. The insulin resistance syndrome. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 1992;1(2):291–298
  10. Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Essential hypertension: an insulin-resistant state. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990;15(supplement 5):S18–S25
  11. Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, et al. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1987;317(6):350–357
  12. Lucas CP, Estigarribia JA, Darga LL, et al. Insulin and blood pressure in obesity. Hypertension. 1985;7(5):702–706
  13. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Gullette EC, et al. Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000;160(13):1947–1958
  14. Mondon CE, Reaven GM. Evidence of abnormalities of insulin metabolism in rats with spontaneous hypertension. Metabolism. 1988;37(4):303–305
  15. Frontoni S, Ohman L, Haywood JR, et al. In vivo insulin action in genetic models of hypertension. American Journal of Physiology. 1992;262(2 Pt 1):E191–E196
  16. Buchanan TA, Sipos GF, Madrilejo N, et al. Hypertension without peripheral insulin resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rats. American Journal of Physiology. 1992;262(1 Pt 1):E14–E19
  17. Sartori C, Scherrer U. Insulin, nitric oxide and the sympathetic nervous system: at the crossroads of metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. Journal of Hypertension. 1999;17(11):1517–1525
  18. Berne C, Fagius J, Pollare T, et al. The sympathetic response to euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia. Evidence from microelectrode nerve recordings in healthy subjects. Diabetologia. 1992;35(9):873–879
  19. Landsberg L. Hyperinsulinemia: possible role in obesity-induced hypertension. Hypertension. 1992;19(supplement 1):I61–I66
  20. Landsberg L, Troisi R, Parker D, et al. Obesity, blood pressure, and the sympathetic nervous system. Annals of Epidemiology. 1991;1(4):295–303
  21. Troisi RJ, Weiss ST, Parker DR, et al. Relation of obesity and diet to sympathetic nervous system activity. Hypertension. 1991;17(5):669–677
  22. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care. 1991;14(3):173–194
  23. Hall JE. Pathophysiology of obesity hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports. 2000;2(2):139–147
  24. Kassab S, Kato T, Wilkins FC, et al. Renal denervation attenuates the sodium retention and hypertension associated with obesity. Hypertension. 1995;25(4 Pt 2):893–897
  25. Lind L, Berne C, Lithell H. Prevalence of insulin resistance in essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 1995;13(12 Pt 1):1457–1462
  26. Galletti F, Strazzullo P, Ferrara I, et al. NaCl sensitivity of essential hypertensive patients is related to insulin resistance. Journal of Hypertension. 1997;15(12 Pt 1):1485–1491
  27. Giugliano D, De RN, Di MG, et al. Metformin improves glucose, lipid metabolism, and reduces blood pressure in hypertensive, obese women. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(10):1387–1390
  28. Buchanan TA, Meehan WP, Jeng YY, et al. Blood pressure lowering by pioglitazone. Evidence for a direct vascular effect. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995;96(1):354–360
  29. Hildebrandt DA, Smith MJ, Hall JE. Cardiovascular regulation during insulin infusion into the carotid or vertebral artery in dogs. Journal of Hypertension. 1999;17(2):251–260
  30. Brands MW, Mizelle HL, Gaillard CA, et al. The hemodynamic response to chronic hyperinsulinemia in conscious dogs. American Journal of Hypertension. 1991;4(2 Pt 1):164–168
  31. Hall JE, Coleman TG, Mizelle HL, et al. Chronic hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure regulation. American Journal of Physiology. 1990;258(3 Pt 2):F722–F731
  32. Hall JE, Brands MW, Zappe DH, et al. Hemodynamic and renal responses to chronic hyperinsulinemia in obese, insulin-resistant dogs. Hypertension. 1995;25(5):994–1002
  33. Sawicki PT, Heinemann L, Starke A, et al. Hyperinsulinaemia is not linked with blood pressure elevation in patients with insulinoma. Diabetologia. 1992;35(7):649–652
  34. Rocchini AP, Yang JQ, Gokee A. Hypertension and insulin resistance are not directly related in obese dogs. Hypertension. 2004;43(5):1011–1016
  35. Lamounier-Zepter V, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Mechanisms of obesity-related hypertension. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2004;36(6):376–380
  36. Frederich RC, Kahn BB, Peach MJ, et al. Tissue-specific nutritional regulation of angiotensinogen in adipose tissue. Hypertension. 1992;19(4):339–344
  37. Engeli S, Negrel R, Sharma AM. Physiology and pathophysiology of the adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension. 2000;35(6):1270–1277
  38. Furuhashi M, Ura N, Takizawa H, et al. Blockade of the rennin-angiotensin system decreases adipocyte size with improvement in insulin sensitivity. Journal of Hypertension. 2004;22(10):1977–1982
  39. Juan CC, Chien Y, Wu LY, et al. Angiotensin II enhances insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Endocrinology. 2005;146(5):2246–2254
  40. Massiera F, Bloch-Faure M, Ceiler D, et al. Adipose angiotensinogen is involved in adipose tissue growth and blood pressure regulation. The FASEB Journal. 2001;15(14):2727–2729
  41. Hanley AJ, Williams K, Stern MP, et al. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease: the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(7):1177–1184
  42. Hsueh WA, Quinones MJ. Role of endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance. American Journal of Cardiology. 2003;92(4A):10J–17J
  43. Busse R, Fleming I. Regulation and functional consequences of endothelial nitric oxide formation. Annals of Medicine. 1995;27(3):331–340
  44. Potenza MA, Marasciulo FL, Chieppa DM, et al. Insulin resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rats is associated with endothelial dysfunction characterized by imbalance between NO and ET-1 production. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2005;289(2):H813–H822
  45. Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes. 2005;54(6):1615–1625
  46. Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, et al. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature. 2000;404(6779):787–790
  47. Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, et al. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation. 2006;113(15):1888–1904
  48. Ginsberg HN. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000;106(4):453–458
  49. Kamata H, Honda S, Maeda S, et al. Reactive oxygen species promote TNFalpha-induced death and sustained JNK activation by inhibiting MAP kinase phosphatases. Cell. 2005;120(5):649–661
  50. Itani SI, Ruderman NB, Schmieder F, et al. Lipid-induced insulin resistance in human muscle is associated with changes in diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, and IkappaB-alpha. Diabetes. 2002;51(7):2005–2011
  51. Kim F, Gallis B, Corson MA. TNF-alpha inhibits flow and insulin signaling leading to NO production in aortic endothelial cells. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 2001;280(5):C1057–C1065
  52. Anderson HD, Rahmutula D, Gardner DG. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits endothelial nitric-oxide synthase gene promoter activity in bovine aortic endothelial cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004;279(2):963–969
  53. Simonson GD, Kendall DM. Diagnosis of insulin resistance and associated syndromes: the spectrum from the metabolic syndrome to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coronary Artery Disease. 2005;16(8):465–472
  54. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412–419
  55. Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000;85(7):2402–2410
  56. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) . Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001;285(19):2486–2497
  57. McAuley KA, Williams SM, Mann JI, et al. Diagnosing insulin resistance in the general population. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(3):460–464
  58. Stern SE, Williams K, Ferrannini E, et al. Identification of individuals with insulin resistance using routine clinical measurements. Diabetes. 2005;54(2):333–339
  59. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Haffner SM, et al. Elevated risk of cardiovascular disease prior to clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(7):1129–1134
  60. Festa A, Hanley AJ, Tracy RP, et al. Inflammation in the prediabetic state is related to increased insulin resistance rather than decreased insulin secretion. Circulation. 2003;108(15):1822–1830
  61. Haffner SM, Mykkanen L, Festa A, et al. Insulin-resistant prediabetic subjects have more atherogenic risk factors than insulin-sensitive prediabetic subjects: implications for preventing coronary heart disease during the prediabetic state. Circulation. 2000;101(9):975–980
  62. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di PC, et al. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;289(14):1799–1804
  63. Pritchett AM, Foreyt JP, Mann DL. Treatment of the metabolic syndrome: the impact of lifestyle modification. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2005;7(2):95–102
  64. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346(6):393–403
  65. Bassuk SS, Manson JE. Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005;99(3):1193–1204
  66. Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Agostino R, Karter AJ, et al. Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998;279(9):669–674
  67. Gregg EW, Gerzoff RB, Caspersen CJ, et al. Relationship of walking to mortality among US adults with diabetes. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003;163(12):1440–1447
  68. Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164(10):1092–1097
  69. Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(7):1812–1824
  70. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension;42(6):1206–1252.
  71. Fegan G, Ward D, Clarke L, et al. The HOPE study and diabetes. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation. Lancet. 2000;355(9210):1182–1183
  72. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):1004–1010
  73. Appel LJ. The verdict from ALLHAT – thiazide diuretics are the preferred initial therapy for hypertension. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;288(23):3039–3042
  74. Gress TW, Nieto FJ, Shahar E, et al. Hypertension and antihypertensive therapy as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342(13):905–912
  75. Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P, et al. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the Antihypertensive Treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (ALPINE study). Journal of Hypertension. 2003;21(8):1563–1574
  76. Jacob S, Rett K, Henriksen EJ. Antihypertensive therapy and insulin sensitivity: do we have to redefine the role of beta-blocking agents?. American Journal of Hypertension. 1998;11(10):1258–1265
  77. Pollare T, Lithell H, Selinus I, et al. Sensitivity to insulin during treatment with atenolol and metoprolol: a randomised, double blind study of effects on carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in hypertensive patients. British Medical Journal. 1989;298(6681):1152–1157
  78. Sharma AM, Pischon T, Hardt S, et al. Hypothesis: beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and weight gain: a systematic analysis. Hypertension. 2001;37(2):250–254
  79. Zhang X, Xu X, Nasjletti A, et al. Amlodipine enhances NO production induced by an ACE inhibitor through a kinin-mediated mechanism in canine coronary microvessels. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2000;35(2):195–202
  80. Lender D, Rauz-Pacheco C, Breen L, et al. A double blind comparison of the effects of amlodipine and enalapril on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients. American Journal of Hypertension. 1999;12(3):298–303
  81. Weir MR, Flack JM, Applegate WB. Tolerability, safety, and quality of life and hypertensive therapy: the case for low-dose diuretics. American Journal of Medicine. 1996;101(3A):83S–92S
  82. Komers R, Vrana A. Thiazolidinediones – tools for the research of metabolic syndrome X. Physiological Research. 1998;47(4):215–225
  83. Walter H, Lubben G. Potential role of oral thiazolidinedione therapy in preserving beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2005;65(1):1–13
  84. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, et al. Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk hispanic women. Diabetes. 2002;51(9):2796–2803
  85. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, et al. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9323):2072–2077

PII: S1521-690X(06)00048-0

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2006.07.002

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 355-367 , September 2006