Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 20, Issue 2 , Pages 177-191 , June 2006

Diagnosis of hyperandrogenism: Biochemical criteria

  • Frank Z. Stanczyk, PhD (Professor of Research)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +1 323 226 3220; Fax: +1 323 226 2850.

References 

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  2. Stanczyk FZ, Bretsky P. Biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of steroid hormones. In:  Henderson BE,  Ponder B,  Ross RK editor. Hormones, Genes and Cancer. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003;p. 12–23
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  4. Carmina E, Lobo RA. Hirsutism, alopecia and acne. In:  Becker KL editors. Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001;p. 991–995
  5. Buster JE, Casson PR. DHEA: Biology and its therapeutic intervention. In:  Lobo RA,  Kelsey J,  Marcus R editor. Menopause: Biology and Pathobiology. San Diego: Academic Press; 2000;p. 625–630
  6. Silva PD, Gentzschein EEK, Lobo RA. Androstenedione may be a more important precursor of tissue dihydrotestosterone than testosterone in women. Fertility and Sterility. 1987;48:419–422
  7. Stanczyk FZ, Matteri RK, Kaufman FR, et al. Androstenedione is an important precursor of dihydrotestosterone in the genital skin of women and is metabolized via 5α-androstanedione. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 1990;37:129–132
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  11. Abraham G. Solid phase radioimmunoassay of estradiol-17β. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1969;29:866–870
  12. Stanczyk FZ, Cho MM, Endres DB, et al. Limitation of direct estradiol and testosterone immunoassay kits. Steroids. 2003;68:1173–1178
  13. Taieb J, Mathian B, Millot F, et al. Testosterone measured by 10 immunoassays and by isotope-dilution gas chromatography—mass spectrometry in sera from 116 men, women, and children. Clinical Chemistry. 2003;49:1381–1395
  14. Fitzgerald RL, Herold DA. Ciba Corning ACS:180 direct total testosterone assay can be used on female sera. Clinical Chemistry. 1997;43:1466–1467
  15. Vermeulen A, Verdonck L, Kaufman JM. A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84:3666–3672
  16. Miller KK, Rosner W, Lee H, et al. Measurement of free testosterone in normal women and women with androgen deficiency: comparison of methods. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;89:525–533
  17. Morley JE, Patrick P, Perry HM. Evaluation of assays available to measure free testosterone. Metabolism. 2002;51:554–559
  18. Emadi-Konjin P, Bain J, Bromberg IL. Evaluation of an algorithm for calculation of serum ‘bioavailable’ testosterone (BAT). Clinical Biochemistry. 2003;36:591–596
  19. Rosner W. An extraordinary inaccurate assay for free testosterone is still with us [Letter]. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001;86:2903
  20. Thiboutot DM. Normal physiology of the pilosebaceous unit. In:  Azziz R,  Nestler JE,  Dewailly D editor. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1997;p. 301
  21. Randall VA. The role of androgens in the regulation of the human hair follicle. In:  Azziz R,  Nestler E,  Dewailly D editor. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1997;p. 115
  22. Matteri RK, Stanczyk FZ, Gentzschein E, et al. Androgen sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in nonhirsute and hirsute women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989;161:1704–1709
  23. Lobo RA, Paul WL, Gentzschein E, et al. Production of 3α-androstanediol glucuronide in human genital skin. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1987;65:711–714
  24. Serafini P, Ablan F, Lobo RA. 5α-Reductase activity in the genital skin of hirsute women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1985;60:349–355
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  26. Carmina E, Stanczyk FZ, Matteri RK, Lobo RA. Serum androsterone conjugates differentiate between acne and hirsutism in hyperandrogenic women. Fertility and Sterility. 1991;55:872–876
  27. Wang CY, Stanczyk FZ, Lobo RA. Quantitative measurements of mRNAs encoding type 1 and type 2 5α-reductase genes in hirsute and non- hirsute women. Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 1996;3:84A
  28. Carmina E, Lobo RA. Evidence for increased androsterone metabolism in some normoandrogenic women with acne. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993;76:1111–1114
  29. Legro RS, Carmina E, Stanczyk FZ, et al. Alterations in androgen conjugate levels in women and men with alopecia. Fertility and Sterility. 1994;62:744–750
  30. Faber K, Hughes CL. Laboratory conditions of hyperandrogenic conditions. Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America. 1991;2:497–498
  31. Carmina E. Prevalence of idiopathic hirsutism. European Journal of Endocrinology. 1998;139:421–423
  32. Scherzer WJ, Adashi EY. Adrenal hyperandrogenism. Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America. 1991;2:491

PII: S1521-690X(06)00028-5

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2006.03.007

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 20, Issue 2 , Pages 177-191 , June 2006

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