Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 20, Issue 2 , Pages 207-220 , June 2006

Mild androgen phenotypes

  • Enrico Carmina, MD (Professor and Head of Endocrine Unit)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +39 091 328997; Fax: +39 091 6555995.

References 

  1. Carmina E, Lobo RA. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): arguably the most common endocrinopathy is associated with significant morbidity in women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84:1897–1899
  2. Azziz R, Sanchez LA, Knochenhauer ES, et al. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004;89:453–462
  3. Carmina E, Rosato F, Jannì A, et al. Relative prevalence of different androgen excess disorders in 950 women referred because of clinical hyperandrogenism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:2–6
  4. Moran C, Tapia MC, Hernandez E, et al. Etiological review of hirsutism in 250 patients. Archives of Medical Research. 1994;25:311–314
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  6. Azziz R, Carmina E, Sawaya ME. Idiopathic hirsutism. Endocrine Reviews. 2000;21:347–362
  7. Knochenhauer ES, Key TJ, Kahsar-Miller W, et al. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the south-eastern USA: a prospective study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998;83:3078–3082
  8. Carmina E, Longo RA, Rini GB, Lobo RA. Phenotypic variation in hyperandrogenic women influences the finding of abnormal metabolic and cardiovascular risk parameters. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;90:2545–2549
  9. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group . Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and Sterility. 2004;81:19–25
  10. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group . Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction. 2004;19:41–47
  11. Carmina E, Lobo RA. Polycystic ovaries in women with normal menses. American Journal of Medicine. 2001;111:602–606
  12. Unluhizarci K, Gokee C, Atmaca H, et al. A detailed investigation of hirsutism in a Turkish population: idiopathic hyperandrogenemia as a perplexing issue. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 2004;112:504–509
  13. Balen AH, Laven JS, Tan SL, Dewailly D. Ultrasound assessment of the polycystic ovary: international consensus definitions. Human Reproduction Update. 2003;9:505–514
  14. Carmina E, Orio F, Palomba S, et al. Ovarian size and blood flow in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their correlations with some endocrine parameters. Fertility and Sterility. 2005;84:413–419
  15. Jonard S, Robert Y, Dewailly D. Revisiting the ovarian volume as a diagnostic criterion for polycystic ovaries. Human Reproduction. 2005;20:2893–2898
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  18. Carmina E, Napoli N, Longo RA, et al. Metabolic syndrome in PCOS: lower prevalence in Southern Italy and the influence of criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS and metabolic syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2006;154:141–145
  19. Carmina E, Lobo RA. Prevalence and characteristics of adrenal androgen secretion in patients with different forms of androgen excess disorders. Human Reproduction in press.
  20. Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL, Burnstein S, Ehrmann DA. Pituitary–ovarian responses to nafarelin testing in the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989;320:559–565
  21. Carmina E, Lobo RA. Do hyperandrogenic women with normal menses have Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?. Fertility and Sterility. 1999;71:319–322
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  23. Gilling-Smith C, Story H, Rogers V, Franks S. Evidence for a primary abnormality of theca cell steroidogenesis in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology. 1997;47:93–99
  24. Carmina E. The spectrum of androgen excess disorders. Fertility and Sterility in press.
  25. Moran C, Azziz R, Carmina E, et al. 21-Hydroxylase deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia is a progressive disorder. A multicenter study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000;183:1468–1474
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  32. Carmina E. A risk-benefit assessment of pharmacological therapies for hirsutism. Drug Safety. 2001;24:267–276
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  35. Carmina E. Genetic and environmental aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2003;26:1151–1159
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PII: S1521-690X(06)00017-0

doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2006.02.001

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 20, Issue 2 , Pages 207-220 , June 2006

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