« Previous
Next »
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 20, Issue 1
, Pages 145-165
, March 2006
Regulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Critical overview and deficiencies in toxicology and risk assessment for human health
References
- . Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology. Chichester: Wiley; 1999;
- . Contents of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl- and benzylparaben in cosmetic products. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;32:28–30
- . Analytical control of preservative labelling on skin creams. Contact Dermatitis. 2000;43:339–343
- . Preservatives in moisturisers on the Swedish market. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998;78:52–56
- . Natural and anthropogenic environmental oestrogens: the scientific basis for risk assessment. Structure/ activity relationships. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1998;70:1725–1733
- Prediction of estrogen receptor binding for 58,000 chemicals using an integrated system of a tree based model with structural alerts. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002;110:29–36
- . Regulatory Toxicology. 2nd edn. London: Taylor and Francis; 2001;
- . Current and regulatory trends in endocrine and hormonal toxicology. In: Harvey PW, Rush KC, Cockburn A editor. Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology. Chichester: Wiley; 1999;p. 507–534
- EDSTAC. Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC) Final Report, August 1998. United States Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo/history/finalrpt.htm; 1998.
- . The peripubertal male rat assay as an alternative to the Hershberger castrated male rat assay for the detection of anti-androgens, oestrogens and metabolic modulators. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2000;20:35–47
- . Testing for endocrine disruption post-EDSTAC: extrapolation of low dose rodent effects to humans. Toxicology Letters. 2001;120:233–242
- . Endocrine disrupters and human health. Current research will establish baseline indices. British Medical Journal. 2001;323:1317–1318
- . Parabens, oestrogenicity, underarm cosmetics and breast cancer: a perspective on a hypothesis. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2003;23:285–288
- . Endocrine disrupters and human health: could oestrogenic chemicals in body care cosmetics affect breast cancer incidence in women? A review of evidence and call for further research. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2004;24:167–176
- . How strong is the evidence of a link between environmental chemicals and adverse effects on human reproductive health?. British Medical Journal. 2004;328:447–451
- USEPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Endocrine disruptor screening program: early priority setting activities. http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo/prioritysetting/activities.htm..
- European Commission. Environment Directorate General. Endocrine Disrupters Website. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/endocrine/strategy/substances_en.htm.
- 17 alpha-methyltestosterone: 28 day oral toxicity study in the rat based on the ‘Enhanced OECD Test Guideline 407’ to detect endocrine effects. Toxicology. 2003;192:119–137
- Evaluation for reliability and feasibility of the draft protocol for the enhanced rat 28-day subacute study (OECD Guideline 407) using androgen antagonist flutamide. Toxicology. 2004;200:77–89
- Sensitive detection of the endocrine effects of the estrogen analogue ethinylestradiol using a modified enhanced subacute rat study protocol (OECD Test Guideline no. 407). Archives of Toxicology. 2002;76:194–202
- Tamoxifen: 28-day oral toxicity study in the rat based on the Enhanced OECD Test Guideline 407 to detect endocrine effects. Archives of Toxicology. 2003;77:487–499
- Comparison of toxicity studies based on the draft protocol for the ‘Enhanced OECD test guideline no. 407’ and the reasearch protocol ‘Pubertal development and thyroid function in immature male rats’ with 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil. Archives of Toxicology. 2002;76:495–501
- Detection of endocrine-modulating effects of the antithyroid acting drug 6-propyl-2-thoiuracil in rats, based on the ‘Enhanced OECD test guideline 407’. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2003;38:368–377
- . OECD test strategies and methods for endocrine disruptors. Toxicology. 2004;205:17–25
- . Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemical testing: current status and future prospects. A report prepared by ECVAM and the ECVAM working group on chemicals. Endocrine disruption in humans. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 2002;30(supplement 1):103–113[chapter 11]
- . A survey of stakeholder organisations on the proposed new European chemical policy. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 2003;31:501–528
- . Peer review of validation studies: an assessment of the role of the OECD by reference to the validation of the uterotrophic assay for endocrine disruptors. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 2004;32:111–117
- . The adrenal cortex and steroidogenesis as cellular and molecular targets for toxicity: critical omissions from regulatory endocrine disrupter screening strategies for human health?. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2003;23:81–87
- . The case for taking account of metabolism when testing for potential endocrine disruptors in vitro. ALTA. 2004;32:121–135
- . Approaches to the assessment of toxicity data with endpoints related to endocrine disruption. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2002;22:241–247
- . Endocrine and hormonal toxicology: an integrated mechanistic and target system approach. In: Harvey PW, Rush KC, Cockburn A editor. Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology. Chichester: Wiley; 1999;p. 3–11
- . The effects of drugs and chemicals upon the structure of the adrenal gland. Fundamental Applied Toxicology. 1984;4:105–119
- . The Adrenal in Toxicology: Target Organ and Modulator of Toxicity. London: Taylor and Francis; 1996;
- Raven PW, Hinson JP. Transport, action and metabolism of adrenal hormones and pathology and pharmacology of the adrenal gland. In: The Adrenal in Toxicology: Target Organ and Modulator of Toxicity. London: Taylor and Francis; 1996. p. 53–79.
- . Comparative endocrine carcinogenesis. In: Harvey PW, Rush KC, Cockburn A editor. Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology. Chichester: Wiley; 1999;p. 155–167
- . The role of prolactin in mammary carcinoma. Endocrine Reviews. 2003;24:1–27
- Plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Research. 2004;64:6814–6819
- Prolactin acts as a potent survival factor for human breast cancer cell lines. British Journal of Cancer. 2004;91:305–311
- . Human prolactin receptor variants in breast cancer: low ratio of short forms to the long form human prolactin receptor associated with mammary carcinoma. Cancer Research. 2004;64:5677–5682
- Multiple kinase cascades mediate prolactin signals to activate protein-1 in breast cancer cells. Molecular Endocrinology. 2004;18:3064–3075
- USEPA. Determination of the appropriate FQPA safety factors for use in the tolerance setting process. Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/trac/science/#10_fold; 2002.
- . Risk assessment perspectives for developmental immunotoxicology. In: Holladay SD editors. Developmental Immunotoxicology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2005;p. 45–63
- . Developmental Immunotoxicology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2005;
- . Neuroendocrine and pituitary toxicology: targets for drug action and potential consequences on immune function. In: Harvey PW, Rush KC, Cockburn A editor. Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology. Chichester: Wiley; 1999;p. 171–208
- . Neuroendocrine–immune interaction: impact of gender, negative energetic balance condition, and developmental stage on the mechanisms of the acute phase response of the inflammatory process in mammals. In: Holladay SD editors. Developmental Immunotoxicology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2005;p. 303–353
- . Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocrine Reviews. 1984;5:25–44
- Johnson I, Harvey PW. Study on the scientific evaluation of 12 substances in the context of endocrine disrupter priority list of actions. Report for the European Commission, Environment Directorate General, 2002, 613 pp. Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/endocrine/documents/wrc_report.pdf; 2002.
- Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1998;153:12–19
- Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2002;80:49–60
- In vivo and in vitro estrogen bioactivities of alkyl parabens. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 2003;19:69–79
- . Lack of oestrogenic effects of food preservatives (parabens) in uterotrophic assays. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2000;38:319–323
- . Lack of spermatotoxic effects of methyl and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2004;42:1845–1849
- . ER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ER alpha and PR. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2001;39:1225–1232
- . Effects of propylparaben on the male reproductive system. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2002;40:1807–1813
- . Developmental toxicity evaluation of butylparaben in Sprague–Dawley rats. Birth Defects Research Part B Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology. 2004;71:296–302
- . Effects of butylparaben on the male reproductive system in rats. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 2001;17:31–39
- . Effects of butylparaben on the male reproductive system in mice. Archives of Toxicology. 2002;76:423–429
- Decreased sperm number and motile activity on the F1 offspring maternally exposed to butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid (butyl paraben). The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2002;64:227–235
- Oestrogenic activity of isobutylparaben in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2002;22:219–226
- Oestrogenic activity of benzylparaben. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2003;23:43–51
- Estrogenic effects of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in CD1 mice. Environmental Research. 1997;75:130–134
- Effects of skin metabolism on percutaneous penetration of lipophilic drugs. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1997;86:759–761
- Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2004;24:5–13
- . Significance of the detection of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in human breast tumours. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2004;24:1–4
- . Cellular and molecular pharmacology of antiestrogen action and resistance. Pharmacological Reviews. 2001;53:25–72
- SCF. Statement of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Parabens. European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate, Scientific Committee on Food SCF/CS/ADD/CONS/53 Final 2 April 2003. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf; 2003.
- . Final report on the safety assessment of isobutylparaben and isopropylparaben. Journal of the American College of Toxicology. 1995;14:364–372
- . An earlier age of breast cancer diagnosis related to more frequent use of antiperspirants/deodorants and underarm shaving. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2003;12:479–485
- . Antiperspirant use and the risk of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2002;94(20):1578–1580
- . The environment and disease: association or causation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1966;58:295
- . Bioavailability of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) after exposure to silicones by inhalation and implantation. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001;109:1095–1101
- . Percutaneous absorption studies of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane using the human skin/nude mouse model. Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2002;15:184–194
- . Low molecular weight silicones are widely distributed after a single subcutaneous injection in mice. The American Journal of Pathology. 1998;152:645–649
- Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane exhibits estrogenic activity in mice via ER alpha. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2003;192:254–261
- Potential estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of the cyclic siloxane octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and the linear siloxane hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) in immature rats using the uterotrophic assay. Toxicological Sciences. 2001;63:37–46
- . Underarm cosmetics are a cause of breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2001;10:389–393
- . Underarm cosmetics and breast cancer. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2003;23:89–95
- . Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavouring, processing aids and materials in contact with food on a request from the commission related to para hydroxybenzoates (E 214-219). Question number EFSA-Q-2004-063.. The EFSA Journal. 2004;83:1–26
- . Precautionary principles: a jurisdiction-free framework for decision making under risk. Human Experimental Toxicology. 2004;23:579–600
- . Hormesis, the precautionary principle and legal regulation. Human Experimental Toxicology. 2004;23:601–611
- Animal testing and alternative approaches for the human health risk assessment under the proposed new European regulation. Archives of Toxicology. 2004;78:549–564
- . Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?. Lancet. 1993;341:1392–1395
- . Million women study collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone replacement in the million women study. Lancet. 2003;362:419–427
- Outer breast quadrants demonstrate increased levels of genomic instability. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2004;11:861–868
- Genomic instability in histologically normal breast tissues: implications for carcinogenesis. Lancet Oncology. 2004;5:753–758
- . Human relevance of rodent prolactin-induced non-genotoxic mammary carcinogenesis: prolactin involvement in human breast cancer and significance for toxicology risk assessments. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2005;25:179–183
- . Do underarm cosmetics cause breast cancer?. International Journal of Fertility. 2004;49:212–214
- Exposure data for cosmetic products: lipstick, body lotion, and face cream. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2005;43:279–291
PII: S1521-690X(05)00075-8
doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2005.09.008
© 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Volume 20, Issue 1
, Pages 145-165
, March 2006
